CHAPTER 14 & 15 Animals in Ocean by Dr. C. Dong

How to avoid sinking Increase buoyancy Gas containers Rigid container such as shells (internal or external) or Swim bladder Fig. 14.2

How to avoid sinking Floating macroscopic zooplankton Examples Portuguese man-of-war gas-filled float jellyfish soft low-density bodies Fig. 14.7a

How to avoid sinking Active swimming Fish, squids, sea turtles, marine mammals Swim by trapping water and expelling it Swim by curving body from front to back Fig. 14.9

Fin designs in fish Paired vertical fins as stabilizers Paired pelvic fins and pectoral fins for “steering” and balance Tail fin (caudal) for thrust

Fin designs in fish Rounded fin on a queen angel Fig. 14-10a

Exe 15-01 Why can marine animals stay in any levels of ocean? What is the fish’s fin for?

Marine mammals Land-dwelling ancestors Warm-blooded Breathe air Hair/fur Bear live young Mammary glands for milk

Marine mammals Carnivora Prominent canine teeth Sea otters Polar bears Pinnepeds Walruses Seals Sea lions Fur seals

Marine mammals Sirenia Herbivores Manatees Coastal areas of tropical Atlantic Ocean Dugongs Coastal areas of Indian and western Pacific Oceans

Marine mammals Cetacea Whales, dolphins, porpoises Stream-lined bodies for fast swimming Specialized skin structure for fast swimming

Cetacea Fig. 14.18

Intelligence in toothed whales Large brains relative to body size Communicate with each other Brains convoluted Trainable Are they intelligent?

Gray whale migration 22,000 km (13,700 mi) annual migration from coastal Arctic Ocean to Baja California and Mexico Feeding grounds in Arctic (summer) Breeding and birthing grounds in tropical eastern Pacific (winter) Fig. 14-25

Whales as endangered species Fig. 14.26 Whales as endangered species Fewer whales now than before whaling International Whaling Treaty Hunting of gray whale banned in 1938 Gray removed from endangered list in 1993 as population rebounded

Exe 15-02 List five marine mammals From where to where do gray whales migrate every year?

Intertidal zonation (rocky shore) Fig. 15.2 a

Intertidal zonation (sandy shore) Fig. 15.8

Exe 15-03 What animals are expected to be found at a sandy beach?

Coral reefs Most coral polyps live in large colonies Hard calcium carbonate structures Coral reefs limited to Warm (but not hot) seawater Sunlight (for symbiotic algae) Strong waves or currents Clear seawater Normal salinity Hard substrate

Reef-building corals Fig. 15-17

Symbiosis of coral and algae Coral reefs made of algae, mollusks, foraminifers as well as corals Hermatypic coral mutualistic relationship with algae Algae provide food Corals provide nutrients

Coral reef zonation Different types of corals at different depths Fig. 15.19

Importance of coral reefs Largest structures created by living organisms Great Barrier Reef, Australia, more than 2000 km (1250 m) long Great diversity of species Important tourist locales Fisheries Reefs protect shorelines

Humans and coral reefs Activities such as fishing, tourist collecting, sediment influx due to shore development harm coral reefs Sewage discharge and agricultural fertilizers increase nutrients in reef waters Hermatypic corals thrive at low nutrient levels Phytoplankton overwhelm at high nutrient levels Bioerosion of coral reef by algae-eating organisms

Exe 15-04 List the conditions in which coral Reef can live Describe the importance of coral reefs to human beings Where is the coral triangle?

Deep-sea hydrothermal vent biocommunities First discovered 1977 Chemosynthesis Archaea use sea floor chemicals to make organic matter Tube worms Giant clams and mussels Crabs Microbial mats

Global hydrothermal vent fields Fig. 15.24

Deep-sea hydrothermal vent biocommunities Vents active for years or decades Animals species similar at widely separated vents Larvae drift from site to site “Dead whale hypothesis” Large carcasses may be stepping stone for larvae

Exe 15-05 Does the photosynthesis take place at the deep ocean? If not, what similar process take places there?