Chapter Menu Lesson 1: Chemistry of Life Lesson 2: Carbon Compounds Lesson 3: Compounds of Life Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

10.1 Chemistry of Life biomass polar molecule nonpolar molecule

10.1 Chemistry of Life Elements of Life The elements you need to live are the same for all living things. Over 96 percent of your body is made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Biomass is the total mass of all living things.

10.1 Chemistry of Life The Carbon Cycle Plants obtain carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide to make sugar molecules to store energy. Animals eat the plants or other animals to obtain carbon. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of breathing. When fossil fuels are burned, they release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

The Carbon Cycle (cont.) 10.1 Chemistry of Life The Carbon Cycle (cont.)

The Nitrogen Cycle Plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen. 10.1 Chemistry of Life The Nitrogen Cycle Plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen. Bacteria in the soil ‘fix’ nitrogen, changing it to a form that plants can take up through their roots. Plants use the nitrogen for building cells. Animals eat the plants and nitrogen is passed on. Nitrogen is also passed on when one animal eats another.

The Nitrogen Cycle (cont.) 10.1 Chemistry of Life The Nitrogen Cycle (cont.) The cycle is complete when decomposers break down dead organisms and return the nitrogen to the soil.

The Phosphorus Cycle Plants absorb phosphorus through their roots. 10.1 Chemistry of Life The Phosphorus Cycle Plants absorb phosphorus through their roots. Consumers obtain phosphorus by eating plants or animals that have eaten plants.

Water and Living Organisms 10.1 Chemistry of Life Water and Living Organisms Living organisms cannot survive without water. Essentially, all of life’s processes occur in a water mixture.

Water and Life on Other Planets 10.1 Chemistry of Life Water and Life on Other Planets Water is a possible indicator of life on other planets.

Life-Sustaining Properties of Water 10.1 Chemistry of Life Life-Sustaining Properties of Water Water is a polar molecule—it has a positive and a negative end. A nonpolar molecule shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends.

Life-Sustaining Properties of Water (cont.) 10.1 Chemistry of Life Life-Sustaining Properties of Water (cont.) Individual water molecules act like magnets. The positive end attracts the negative end of other water molecules. This weak bonding is known as hydrogen bonding.

Life-Sustaining Properties of Water (cont.) 10.1 Chemistry of Life Life-Sustaining Properties of Water (cont.)

Which is one of the six elements that make up most of Earth’s biomass? 10.1 Chemistry of Life A B C D Which is one of the six elements that make up most of Earth’s biomass? A helium B iron C nitrogen D sodium Lesson 1 Review

Water is a polar molecule because ____. A it has a negative charge 10.1 Chemistry of Life A B C D Water is a polar molecule because ____. A it has a negative charge B it has a covalent bond with unequal sharing of the electrons C it has a positive charge D it has an ionic bond Lesson 1 Review

Where do plants obtain nitrogen for cellular activities? 10.1 Chemistry of Life A B C D Where do plants obtain nitrogen for cellular activities? A from the air B from decaying organisms C from animal waste D from nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil Lesson 1 Review

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10.2 Carbon Compounds organic compound hydrocarbon saturated hydrocarbon unsaturated hydrocarbon functional group amino acid

10.2 Carbon Compounds Organic Compounds Organic molecules of various sizes, shapes, and chemical properties are based on carbon. Organic compounds are compounds that contain the element carbon. Not all compounds containing carbon are organic.

Carbon Bonds Carbon is unique because it can form four covalent bonds. 10.2 Carbon Compounds Carbon Bonds Carbon is unique because it can form four covalent bonds. Carbon can form short chains, long chains, branched chains, and rings. How can models of carbon compounds be built?

10.2 Carbon Compounds Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

10.2 Carbon Compounds Hydrocarbons (cont.) Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one double or triple bond between carbon atoms.

Substituted Hydrocarbons 10.2 Carbon Compounds Substituted Hydrocarbons A functional group is a group of atoms that replace a hydrogen atom in organic compounds. Organic compounds that contain a functional group are called substituted hydrocarbons.

Substituted Hydrocarbons 10.2 Carbon Compounds Substituted Hydrocarbons Functional Groups

10.2 Carbon Compounds Hydroxyl Group A hydroxyl group contains an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one another.

10.2 Carbon Compounds Hydroxyl Group (cont.) Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group, –OH, added to the carbon. Functional groups change the properties of hydrocarbons.

10.2 Carbon Compounds Carboxyl Group Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl group, –COOH, where the carbon is double-bonded to one of the oxygen atoms.

10.2 Carbon Compounds Amino Group Amino groups contain a nitrogen atom and two hydrogen atoms, –NH2. Compounds that contain the amino group are called amines.

Amino Acids and Proteins 10.2 Carbon Compounds Amino Acids and Proteins Amino acids contain both an amino group and a carboxylic acid. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins make up living organisms and control many body functions.

Shapes of Molecules Tetrahedral molecules are shaped like pyramids. 10.2 Carbon Compounds Shapes of Molecules Tetrahedral molecules are shaped like pyramids.

Shapes of Molecules (cont.) 10.2 Carbon Compounds Shapes of Molecules (cont.) Planar molecules are flat like sheets of paper.

Shapes of Molecules (cont.) 10.2 Carbon Compounds Shapes of Molecules (cont.) Linear molecules are arranged in a line.

Which of the following is the amino group? A –OH B –NH2 C –COOH D CH4 10.2 Carbon Compounds A B C D Which of the following is the amino group? A –OH B –NH2 C –COOH D CH4 Lesson 2 Review

Which type of molecule is like a flat piece of paper? A planar 10.2 Carbon Compounds A B C D Which type of molecule is like a flat piece of paper? A planar B linear C cubic D tetrahedral Lesson 2 Review

How many possible covalent bonds can carbon form? A one B two C three 10.2 Carbon Compounds A B C D How many possible covalent bonds can carbon form? A one B two C three D four Lesson 2 Review

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10.3 Compounds of Life polymer monomer synthetic polymer natural polymer biomolecule lipid nucleic acid carbohydrate

10.3 Compounds of Life Polymers A polymer is a covalent compound of small, repeating units linked in a chain. A monomer is a small molecule that forms a link in a polymer chain. Synthetic polymers, such as plastic wrap, are polymers not found in nature.

10.3 Compounds of Life Polymers (cont.) Natural polymers, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, contain carbon and are found in living organisms.

Biological Molecules The human body contains 60–80 percent water. 10.3 Compounds of Life Biological Molecules The human body contains 60–80 percent water. The remaining parts are carbon and non-carbon compounds. Biomolecules are large organic molecules found in living organisms—proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are biomolecules.

Biological Molecules (cont.) 10.3 Compounds of Life Biological Molecules (cont.)

10.3 Compounds of Life Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are biomolecules found in plant and animal cells that store cellular information. Nucleic acids are composed of three parts—a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen group.

10.3 Compounds of Life Nucleic Acids (cont.) Nucleotides are the monomers that compose DNA and RNA. Nucleic acids are polymers formed from nucleotide monomers.

10.3 Compounds of Life Lipids Lipids are used to store energy in cells and are part of cell membranes. Lipids are nonpolar and don’t dissolve in water. Lipids may be saturated or unsaturated if they contain double bonds.

10.3 Compounds of Life Lipids (cont.)

10.3 Compounds of Life Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are organic compounds used by cells to store and release energy. Complex carbohydrates are made from sugar monomers.

10.3 Compounds of Life Carbohydrates (cont.) The three main types of complex carbohydrates are Cellulose—found in wood and cotton fibers, Starch—used by plants to store energy, and Glycogen—used by animals to store energy.

Proteins Proteins are organic polymers made of amino acid monomers. 10.3 Compounds of Life Proteins Proteins are organic polymers made of amino acid monomers.

10.3 Compounds of Life Proteins (cont.) Amino acids are composed of an amino group and a carboxylic acid and another group called a side chain. The side chain is the only thing that is different on the 20 kinds of amino acids and is known as the R-group. The amino acids that make up proteins have a specific arrangement for each protein.

Elements in the Human Body 10.3 Compounds of Life Elements in the Human Body In addition to organic biomolecules, living organisms contain minerals, which are elements.

Which is NOT found in an amino acid? A carboxyl group B hydroxyl group 10.3 Compounds of Life A B C D Which is NOT found in an amino acid? A carboxyl group B hydroxyl group C R-group D amino group Lesson 3 Review

Plants use ____ to store energy, while animals use ____. 10.3 Compounds of Life A B C D Plants use ____ to store energy, while animals use ____. A starch; cellulose B cellulose; glycogen C starch; glycogen D glycogen; starch Lesson 3 Review

Which of the following is NOT a polymer? A complex carbohydrates 10.3 Compounds of Life A B C D Which of the following is NOT a polymer? A complex carbohydrates B proteins C nucleic acids D minerals Lesson 3 Review

End of Lesson 3

Chapter Resources Menu Chapter Assessment California Standards Practice Image Bank Science Online Interactive Table Virtual Lab BrainPOP Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

A B C D A(n) ____ molecule has a positive and negative end because of unequal electron sharing. A organic B polar C nonpolar D covalent Chapter Assessment 1

Which is the largest source of carbon? A atmosphere B soil C oceans D Which is the largest source of carbon? A atmosphere B soil C oceans D animals Chapter Assessment 2

Which contains the most hydrogen atoms? A a water molecule B C D Which contains the most hydrogen atoms? A a water molecule B a methane molecule C a two carbon hydrocarbon that is saturated D a two carbon hydrocarbon that is unsaturated Chapter Assessment 3

What are the building blocks of proteins? A sugars B carboxylic acids C amino acids D hydroxyl groups Chapter Assessment 4

Which of the following is NOT an organic molecule? A carboxylic acid B nucleic acid C lipid D mineral Chapter Assessment 5

Small, repeating molecules called ____ make up polymers. A ions SCI 3.c A B C D Small, repeating molecules called ____ make up polymers. A ions B lipids C monomers D nucleotides CA Standards Practice 1

What are the four most common elements found in living organisms? SCI 6.b A B C D What are the four most common elements found in living organisms? A carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen B carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and sodium C carbon, sulfur, hydrogen, and nitrogen D magnesium, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen CA Standards Practice 2

Carbon is important to life because of what unique property? SCI 6.a A B C D Carbon is important to life because of what unique property? A It is polar. B It is nonpolar. C It forms ionic bonds. D It can form four covalent bonds. CA Standards Practice 3

Sodium chloride is a ____ required by living organisms. A lipid SCI 6.b A B C D Sodium chloride is a ____ required by living organisms. A lipid B complex carbohydrate C mineral D nucleic acid CA Standards Practice 4

DNA and RNA are composed of ____. A fats B nucleic acids SCI 6.c A B C D DNA and RNA are composed of ____. A fats B nucleic acids C simple carbohydrates D complex carbohydrates CA Standards Practice 5

Image Bank

Interactive Table

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