1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
First-Order Differential Equations
Advertisements

1 Chapter 7 Transcendental Functions Inverse Functions and Their Derivatives.
Homework Homework Assignment #19 Read Section 9.3 Page 521, Exercises: 1 – 41(EOO) Quiz next time Rogawski Calculus Copyright © 2008 W. H. Freeman and.
Ordinary Differential Equations S.-Y. Leu Sept. 21,28, 2005.
CHAPTER Continuity Modeling with Differential Equations Models of Population Growth: One model for the growth of population is based on the assumption.
In the previous two sections, we focused on finding solutions to differential equations. However, most differential equations cannot be solved explicitly.
Differential Equations 6 Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 6.1 Day
Modeling with differential equations One of the most important application of calculus is differential equations, which often arise in describing some.
Differential Equations. Definition A differential equation is an equation involving derivatives of an unknown function and possibly the function itself.
6 Differential Equations
Differential Equations Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 10. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Unfortunately, it’s impossible to solve most differential equations in the sense of obtaining an explicit.
Differential Equations
Barnett/Ziegler/Byleen Business Calculus 11e1 Chapter 13 Review Important Terms, Symbols, Concepts 13.1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals A function.
Sheng-Fang Huang. 1.1 Basic Concepts Modeling A model is very often an equation containing derivatives of an unknown function. Such a model is called.
Differential Equations Chapter 1. A differential equation in x and y is an equation that involves x, y, and derivatives of y. A mathematical model often.
Ch. 1 First-Order ODEs Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) Deriving them from physical or other problems (modeling) Solving them by standard methods.
1 Differential Equations 6 Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 6.1 DE & Slope Fields BC Day 1.
Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10/e by Edwin Kreyszig Copyright 2011 by John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved. PART A Ordinary Differential Equations.
Announcements Topics: -sections 6.4 (l’Hopital’s rule), 7.1 (differential equations), and 7.2 (antiderivatives) * Read these sections and study solved.
9/27/2016Calculus - Santowski1 Lesson 56 – Separable Differential Equations Calculus - Santowski.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION Antiderivatives In this section, we will learn about: Antiderivatives and how they are useful in solving certain.
3 DERIVATIVES.
Chapter 4 Logarithm Functions
Chapter 1: Definitions, Families of Curves
1.3 Separable ODEs. Modeling
First-Order Differential Equations
A PART Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) Part A p1.
SLOPE FIELDS & EULER’S METHOD
SLOPE FIELDS & EULER’S METHOD
7 INVERSE FUNCTIONS.
Basic Definitions and Terminology
Families of Solutions, Geometric Interpretation
1.5 Linear ODEs. Bernoulli Equation. Population Dynamics
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Advanced Engineering Mathematics 6th Edition, Concise Edition
Ch 10.1: Two-Point Boundary Value Problems
Business Mathematics MTH-367
Transcendental Functions
FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Differential Equations
A second order ordinary differential equation has the general form
MTH1170 Differential Equations
7 INVERSE FUNCTIONS.
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Solution of Equations by Iteration
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Engineering Analysis I
Ch 5.2: Series Solutions Near an Ordinary Point, Part I
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
9 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
The Derivative as a Function
Regression Lecture-5 Additional chapters of mathematics
2.10 Solution by Variation of Parameters Section 2.10 p1.
Introduction to Ordinary Differential Equations
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Differential Equations
Tutorial 5 Logarithm & Exponential Functions and Applications
Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integration
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Direction Fields and Euler's Method
Derivatives of Inverse Functions
Legendre Polynomials Pn(x)
Numerical Analysis Lecture 36.
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
Differential Equations
Chapter 5 Integration Section R Review.
Presentation transcript:

1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling Section 1.1 p1

Such a model is called a differential equation. 1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling The process of setting up a model, solving it mathematically, and interpreting the result in physical or other terms is called mathematical modeling or, briefly, modeling. Many physical concepts, such as velocity and acceleration, are derivatives. A model is very often an equation containing derivatives of an unknown function. Such a model is called a differential equation. Section 1.1 p2

1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling An ordinary differential equation (ODE) is an equation that contains one or several derivatives of an unknown function, which we usually call y(x) (or sometimes y(t) if the independent variable is time t). The equation may also contain y itself, known functions of x (or t), and constants. An ODE is said to be of order n if the nth derivative of the unknown function y is the highest derivative of y in the equation. The concept of order gives a useful classification into ODEs of first order, second order, and so on. Section 1.1 p3

In this chapter we shall consider first-order ODEs. 1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling In this chapter we shall consider first-order ODEs. Such equations contain only the first derivative y’ and may contain y and any given functions of x. Hence we can write them as (4) IMPLICIT F(x, y, y’) = 0 or often in the form EXPLICIT y’ = f (x, y). For instance, the implicit ODE x−3 y’ − 4y2 = 0 (where x ≠ 0) can be written explicitly as y’ = 4x3y2. Section 1.1 p4

The curve (the graph) of h is called a solution curve. 1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling A function y = h(x) is called a solution of a given ODE (4) in some open interval a < x < b if h(x) is defined and differentiable throughout the interval and is such that the equation becomes an identity if y and y’ are replaced with h and h’, respectively. The curve (the graph) of h is called a solution curve. Here, open interval means that the endpoints a and b are not regarded as points belonging to the interval. Also, a < x < b includes infinite intervals −∞ < x < b, a < x < ∞, ∞ < x < ∞ (the real line) as special cases. Section 1.1 p5

EXAMPLE 2 Solution by Calculus. Solution Curves 1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling EXAMPLE 2 Solution by Calculus. Solution Curves The ODE y’ = dy/dx = cos x can be solved directly by integration on both sides. Indeed, using calculus, we obtain y = ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c, where c is an arbitrary constant. This is a family of solutions. Each value of c, for instance, 2.75 or 0 or −8, gives one of these curves. Figure 3 shows some of them, for c = −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. Section 1.1 p6

From calculus we know that y = ce0.2t has the derivative 1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling EXAMPLE 3A Exponential Growth. From calculus we know that y = ce0.2t has the derivative Hence y is a solution of y’ = 0.2y (Fig. 4A). This ODE is of the form y’ = ky. With positive-constant k, it can model exponential growth, for instance, of colonies of bacteria or populations of animals. It also applies to humans for small populations in a large country (e.g., the United States in early times) and is then known as Malthus’s law. Section 1.1 p7

Exponential Growth. EXAMPLE 4A (continued) 1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling EXAMPLE 4A (continued) Exponential Growth. Section 1.1 p8

1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling EXAMPLE 4B (B) Exponential Decay Similarly, y’ = −0.2 (with a minus on the right) has the solution y = ce−0.2t, (Fig. 4B) modeling exponential decay, as, for instance, of a radioactive substance (see Example 5). Section 1.1 p9

1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling We see that each ODE in these examples has a solution that contains an arbitrary constant c. Such a solution containing an arbitrary constant c is called a general solution of the ODE. (We shall see that c is sometimes not completely arbitrary but must be restricted to some interval to avoid complex expressions in the solution.) We shall develop methods that will give general solutions uniquely (perhaps except for notation). Hence we shall say the general solution of a given ODE (instead of a general solution). Section 1.1 p10

1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling Geometrically, the general solution of an ODE is a family of infinitely many solution curves, one for each value of the constant c. If we choose a specific c (e.g., c = 6.45 or 0 or −2.01), we obtain what is called a particular solution of the ODE. A particular solution does not contain any arbitrary constants. In most cases, general solutions exist, and every solution not containing an arbitrary constant is obtained as a particular solution by assigning a suitable value to c. Exceptions to these rules occur but are of minor interest in applications. Section 1.1 p11

1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling Initial Value Problem In most cases the unique solution of a given problem is obtained from a general solution by an initial condition y(x0) = y0, with given values x0 and y0, that is used to determine a value of the arbitrary constant c. Geometrically this condition means that the solution curve should pass through the point (x0, y0) in the xy-plane. An ODE together with an initial condition is called an initial value problem. Thus, if the ODE is explicit, y’ = f (x, y), the initial value problem is of the form (5) y’ = f (x, y), y(x0) = y0. Section 1.1 p12

Radioactivity. Exponential Decay 1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling EXAMPLE 5 Radioactivity. Exponential Decay Given an amount of a radioactive substance, say, 0.5 g (gram), find the amount present at any later time. Physical Information. Experiments show that at each instant a radioactive substance decomposes—and is thus decaying in time—proportional to the amount of substance present. Section 1.1 p13

Step 1. Setting up a mathematical model of the physical process. 1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling EXAMPLE 5 (continued) Step 1. Setting up a mathematical model of the physical process. Denote by y(t) the amount of substance still present at any time t. By the physical law, the time rate of change y’(t) = dy/dt is proportional to y(t) . This gives the first-order ODE (6) where the constant k is positive, so that, because of the minus, we do get decay. The value of k is known from experiments for various radioactive substances (e.g., k = 1.4 · 10−11 sec−1, approximately, for radium 88Ra226). Section 1.1 p14

Step 1. (continued) Setting up a mathematical model 1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling EXAMPLE 5 (continued) Step 1. (continued) Setting up a mathematical model of the physical process. Now the given initial amount is 0.5 g, and we can call the corresponding instant t = 0. Then we have the initial condition y(0) = 0.5. This is the instant at which our observation of the process begins. It motivates the term initial condition (which, however, is also used when the independent variable is not time or when we choose a t other than t = 0.). Hence the mathematical model of the physical process is the initial value problem (7) Section 1.1 p15

Step 2. Mathematical solution. 1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling EXAMPLE 5 (continued) Step 2. Mathematical solution. As in (B) of Example 3 we conclude that the ODE (6) models exponential decay and has the general solution (with arbitrary constant c but definite given k) (8) y(t) = ce−kt. We now determine c by using the initial condition. Since y(0) = c from (8), this gives y(0) = c = 0.5. Hence the particular solution governing our process is (cf. Fig. 5) (9) y(t) = 0.5e−kt (k > 0). Always check your result—it may involve human or computer errors! Verify by differentiation (chain rule!) that your solution (9) satisfies (7) as well as y(0) = 0.5: dy/dt = −0.5ke−kt = −k · 0.5e−kt = −ky, y(0) = 0.5e0 = 0.5. Section 1.1 p16

1.1 Basic Concepts. Modeling EXAMPLE 5 (continued) Step 3. Interpretation of result. Formula (9) gives the amount of radioactive substance at time t. It starts from the correct initial amount and decreases with time because k is positive. The limit of y as t → ∞ is zero. Section 1.1 p17

Direction Fields, Euler’s Method 1.2 Geometric Meaning of y’ = f(x, y). Direction Fields, Euler’s Method Section 1.2 p18

Graphic Method of Direction Fields. 1.2 Geometric Meaning of y’ = f(x, y). Direction Fields, Euler’s Method Graphic Method of Direction Fields. Practical Example Illustrated in Fig. 7. We can show directions of solution curves of a given ODE (1) by drawing short straight-line segments (lineal elements) in the xy-plane. This gives a direction field (or slope field) into which you can then fit (approximate) solution curves. This may reveal typical properties of the whole family of solutions. Figure 7 shows a direction field for the ODE (2) y’ = y + x obtained by a CAS (computer algebra system) and some approximate solution curves fitted in. Section 1.2 p19

1.2 Geometric Meaning of y’ = f(x, y). Direction Fields, Euler’s Method Section 1.2 p20

If you have no CAS, first draw a few level curves 1.2 Geometric Meaning of y’ = f(x, y). Direction Fields, Euler’s Method If you have no CAS, first draw a few level curves f(x, y) = const of f(x, y), then parallel lineal elements along each such curve (which is also called an isocline, meaning a curve of equal inclination), and finally draw approximation curves fit to the lineal elements. Section 1.2 p21

Numeric Method by Euler 1.2 Geometric Meaning of y’ = f(x, y). Direction Fields, Euler’s Method Numeric Method by Euler Given an ODE (1) y’ = f(x, y) and an initial value y(x0) = y0 Euler’s method yields approximate solution values at equidistant x-values x0, x1 = x0 + h, x2 = x0 + 2h, … , namely, y1 = y0 + hf(x0, y0) (Fig. 8) y2 = y1 + hf(x1, y1), etc. In general, yn = yn−1 + hf (xn−1 , yn−1 ) where the step h equals, e.g., 0.1 or 0.2 (see text pg. 11 for Table 1.1) or a smaller value for greater accuracy. Section 1.2 p22

1.2 Geometric Meaning of y’ = f(x, y). Direction Fields, Euler’s Method Section 1.2 p23