Solids, Liquids, and Gases Phases of Matter Solids, Liquids, and Gases

I- DEFINING MATTER: Albert Einstein said matter can be changed into energy and energy into matter. They are different forms of each other. A-Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. B- All matter is made up of groups of atoms called molecules.

C-Three states or phases of matter: Solid, liquid, and gas. Volume Shape Movement of Molecules Solid Definite Held Tightly Liquid Takes shape of Container Slide past each other Gas Takes volume of Container Move all over

II- How Particles are Arranged in Solids particle in a solid vibrates around a fixed point. A-When a solid's particles are arranged in a definite repeating pattern it is a CRYSTAL.

l-Crystals form when a melted substance cools. a- the size of the crystal depends on how fast or slow it cools. ~ slow large crystals. ~ fast smaller crystals.

B-When the particles of a solid are NOT arranged in a pattern the solid is a AMORPHOUS. l-When the liquids cools too quickly a amorphous solid forms

2-Amorphous solid are made up of long chains of particles. 3-Unlike crystals which melt suddenly at a given temperature, amorphous solids melt gradually over temperature ranges.

III-How Particle of a Liquid Behave: A- Surface Tension makes the surface of a liquid act like an elastic sheet.

l-Cohesion force that keeps particles of the same substance together l-Cohesion force that keeps particles of the same substance together. Causes surface tension. 2-Adhesion force that attracts particles of one substance to particles of another substance. Forms the Meniscus.

B-Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow. l-Heat makes liquids less Viscous, 2-Cooler temperature makes liquids more Viscous.

C- Pressure is the amount of force acting over an area. l-Pressure acts in all directions. 2-Pressure of a liquid depends on depth and density of the liquid. PRESSURE

D-Buoyant force is the upward force liquids exerts on objects. l-Archimedes' Principle: states that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the liquid/gas it displaces.

IV-How Gases Produce Pressure A-Pressure is a force acting over an area. 1. The pushing of gas molecules in a tire make the tire go up.

2. Gravity acts like a container, keeping air from escaping. 3. The gas molecules in our atmosphere exert pressure on everything. 4. Air pressure is measured at sea level.

B-Changes in Volume and Temperature of Gases 1. At a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas increases when the volume of it's container decreases. a- If you reduce the container by half the pressure doubles. b- If you increase the containers volume by half you decrease the pressure by half.

2. If you increase the temperature of a gas you increase the pressure, as long as the container remains the same size. a-the gas particle gain energy and bump into each other increasing the force .

Gas Molecules Heat Source

Piston Gas Molecules

C- Bernoulli’s Principle: as the velocity of a gas/liquid increases, the pressure it exerts decreases. 1- Plasma: is a special type of gas that is broken up into positively and negatively charged particles. Example neon in neon signs.

D-Pascal's Principle states that if the pressure of a liquid/gas in one part of a container changes the pressure changes throughout the container.

V- Changes in Phases of Matter A- How matter changes from one phase to another 1- Temperatures affect the way particles are held together. From solid to liquid to gas.

Melting is a change of phase from solid to liquid. The temperate at which solid melt is its melting point. Melting point of water is 00 C. Iron melts at 15250 C.

Freezing is the change of phase from liquid to solid. Freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid. The freezing point of a substance is the same as its melting point.

Boiling point the temperature at which a liquid boils. At its boiling point, a liquid changes into a gas is called Vaporization. Evaporation when a liquid changes from a liquid to a gas with out reaching its boiling point.

Condensation process where water vapor changes to a liquid. Sublimation process where ice changes directly to a gas with out changing to a liquid first. Example comet

B- Temperature Does Not Change During Phase Changes Latent heat or hidden heat is the energy needed to change a substance from one physical state to another. The temperature does not change as long as the melting or freezing continues.