Instructor: Dr. Richard Ward BPK 303 Kinanthropometry Spring 2017 Instructor: Dr. Richard Ward email: ward@sfu.ca

Kinanthropometry The quantification of Body Size, Shape, Proportion and Composition to describe or explain Function, Growth, Maturation and Performance. Defined by William D. (Bill) Ross in the 1970’s to to bring together scientists who appeared to be working in quite disparate areas but whose studies had tremendous relevance to each other.

International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) website home page www.isakonline.com

Simple but expensive equipment Anthropometry Simple but expensive equipment Anthropometer $1400 Harpenden Skinfold Caliper > $200

Inexpensive Alternatives Anthropometry Inexpensive Alternatives Woodworkers Tape with Pencil Holder $16 Slim Guide Skinfold Caliper $35

Anthropometric Conventions Standardized Techniques Anthropometric Conventions I.S.A.K. - International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry I.B.P. - Internationl Biological Programme In House Standardization Do not trust the name of the measurement Check the original description

Anthropometry Standardized techniques valid reliable calibration measurement error objectivity

Which Variables to Measure? Comprehensive Do not reduce the number of measures just to save time Specific Tailor the data collection to the hypothesis

Landmarking Reference to bone landmarks Skin moves relative to the bone so that the pose of the subject is important Horizontal lines Not crosses or dots

Professional Approach Informed Consent Training increases validity & confidence Honour subject’s personal space Take adequate measures to minimize error Recorder Data Sheet Data Transmission Legible Recording

BPK303 Anthropometry Fall 2015

Anthropometric Measures Fall 2015

Anthropometric Equipment

short horizontal lines Standard Landmarking & Measurement Position Anthropometry Landmarks must be short horizontal lines Landmarking necessary for repeatability of measures Only a few landmarks are required for the measures used in this course Standard Landmarking & Measurement Position

Stretch Stature (Height) Head held in Frankfort Plane Requires two people to measure Feet together Stretch justified as overcoming diurnal variation Check for heel lifting (especially in children)

Variability of Height Height can vary up to 2.5cm a day or more Compression of the intervertebral discs occurs Lost height can be restored with fetal curls

Weight Fluctuation Calibrated scale Beam balances tend to hold calibration longer OMRON Scale and Body Composition Analyzer

Skinfolds Parallel fold of double thickness of skin plus subcutaneous adipose tissue Caliper applied perpendicular to the fold Fold held firmly by left hand while full pressure is applied by caliper 2 second timing until reading Skinfolds can be measured at any site where there is a loose junction between subcutaneous adipose tissue and the underlying fascia.

Skinfold Calipers Slim Guide Caliper Pressure? Harpenden Lange Spring Tension / Jaw Surface Area Harpenden 10 gm.mm-2 Lange 35 gm.mm-2 11.4 gm.mm-2 Harpenden Slim Guide Lange Fatometer Adipometer

Skinfold Calipers Harpenden Lange SlimGuide FatoMeter Adipometer Precision greater than necessary. Delicate Stays calibrated for a long time Expensive > $200 GOLD STANDARD Small jaw surfaces that pivot Calibration wanders > $150 ABS Plastic Robust Inexpensive $35 Plastic Fragile Parallel jaw surfaces Weak Springs Inexpemsive < $20 Single piece of molded plastic Uses elastic properties of plastic to exert constant tension It Works! < $10

Skinfold Descriptions Subscapular Skinfold the caliper distance when applied one centimeter distally from the left thumb and index finger raising a fold beneath the inferior angle of the scapula in a direction running obliquely downwards at an angle determined by the natural lines of tension in the skin. The pick up can be made consistent by placing the little finger of the left hand on the angle of the scapula then placing the index finger just to the right of it and the thumb just below it. Site

Girths Circumference perpendicular to the long axis of the body segment Tape should be touching but not indenting skin Cross-handed technique

Compressive Clothing Effect GIRTHS Slim Top Bra Nude Sports Bra Swim Suit   Chest (meso) 97.6 98.0 - 99.3 98.2 Chest (max) 97.5 98.9 95.6 96.8 2 cm could be 10 – 15% point shift in percentile rating  GIRTHS Yoga Pants Underwear Fitted Shorts Compression Shorts Loose Shorts Gluteal 103.4 104.2 102.1 101.5 102.0 105.6 4 cm could be 20 – 30% point shift in percentile rating Thigh 62.1 63.0 60.3 62.0 2.5 cm could be 15 - 20% point shift in percentile rating

Projected Heights Perpendicular distance from floor to landmark Tibiale Height usually measured standing although sometimes used seated for disabled populations. Derived length = difference between two projected heights

Direct Lengths From landmark to landmark

Bone Widths & Breadths Caliper type and placement specific to measurement Press firmly while measurement is made Vernier Scale

Validity & Reliability Unreliable Not Valid Reliable Not Valid Unreliable Valid? Reliable Valid

Measurement Reliability How do you quantify reliability? Is a correlation coefficient adequate? Technical Error of Measurement?

Correlation Coefficient: Poor indicator of reliability A high correlation between trials does not necessarily indicate reliability unless slope is 1 and intercept is 0. Means of trials 1 and 2 would be different. Paired t-test with no sig. diff. between means with a high correlation would show high reliability. But this would be clumsy analysis. r = > 0.9 Trial 2 Line of Identity Trial 1

Technical Error of Measurement Measure of variability between two trials

% TEM To compare the relative reliabilities of measures using different units such as height and weight, a %TEM is used. %TEM is the absolute TEM divided by the mean of the measurements multiplied by 100. A dimensionless score that can be compared across measurements. Also for same measurement when size is an issue

% Technical Error of Measurement II d d2 7.5 8 0.5 0.25 15 15.5 12.5 13 12.9 -0.1 0.01 32 35 3 9 4.5 Sum d2 9.51 TEM 0.89 Mean 14.41 %TEM 6.18

Typical Skinfold %TEMs