BIOELECTRONICS 1 Lec3: BIOSENSOR Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban Mahmoud 2017 6 October University Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences Department of Biomedical equipment and systems Lec3: BIOSENSOR By Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban Mahmoud 2017 BIOELECTRONICS 1

CHAPTER 2 BIOSENSOR Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

What is Biosensor? Any device that analyzes a biological compound into a measurable signal Composed of : Bioreceptor, Transducer Electronic peripheral Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

+ Fast, reliable, remote readout Electronic sensors + Fast, reliable, remote readout + More sensitive and versatile, at the current state of technology - Electronic waste in the environment Biosensors + Fast, in situ readout - More difficult to develop for each analyte - More sensitive to environmental stressors Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

Components of a Biosensor http://www.dddmag.com/images/0409/HTS1_lrg.jpg Detector Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

Introduction to Biosensors A biosensor is an analytical device which is used to determine the presence and concentration of a specific substance in a biological analyte Desired molecule Signal Processing Bioreceptor Transducer Display Biosample Biosensor Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

Introduction to Biosensors Bioreceptor Transducer Absorption Fluorescence Antibody Optical Interference potentiometric Enzyme Electrochemical amperometric conductimetric Nucleic Acid (DNA) Mass based Cell Temperature based Dielectric properties Electric & Magnetic Permeability properties MIP Voltage or Current Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

Composition of Biosensors Bioreceptor: Part of device that interacts with a biological material to identify and interact with a target molecule Transducer: Part of the device that turns the target molecule into a measured signal Electronic Peripheral: Turns the measured signal into a graphical user interface (GUI) utilizing microprocessors Enzymes, Antibodies, or nucleic acids. Piezoelectric, Thermal, Electrochemical, and Optical LED Display Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

Father of the Biosensor Professor Leland C Clark Jnr 1918–2005 Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

Application of Biosensor Food Analysis Study of biomolecules and their interaction Drug Development Crime detection Medical diagnosis (both clinical and laboratory use) Environmental field monitoring Quality control Industrial Process Control Detection systems for biological warfare agents Manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and replacement organs Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

Basic Characteristics of a Biosensor Accuracy: refers to the degree of conformity between the measurand and the standard. It can be calculated using the difference between the true value and the measured value divided by the true value. Precision: refers to the exactness of successive measurements, also sometimes considered the degree of refinement of measurement. Good Accuracy, Good Precision Good Accuracy, Poor Precision Poor Accuracy, Good Precision Poor Accuracy, Poor Precision Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

Accuracy without Precision Accuracy & Precision No Precision & No Accuracy Precision without Accuracy Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

Basic Characteristics of a Biosensor Resolution: It refers to the degree to which the measurand can be broken into identifiable adjacent parts. Reproducibility: The ability of an instrument to give the same output for equal inputs applied over some period of time. Statistical Control: It ensures ensures that random variations in measured quantities that result from all factors that influence the measurement process is tolerable. Static Sensitivity: Static Sensitivity of instrument or system is the ratio of the incremental output quantity to the incremental input quantity. Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

Basic Characteristics of a Biosensor Zero Drift: It occurs when all the output values increase or decrease by the same absolute amount. Linearity: Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

Basic Characteristics of a Biosensor Input Ranges: The normal linear operating range specifies the maximal or near maximal inputs that give linear outputs. Input Impedance: It is the ratio of the phasor equivalent of a steady-state sinusoidal effort input variable (voltage, force, pressure) to the phasor equivalent of a steady-state sinusoidal flow input variable (current, velocity, flow). Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

Example of biosensors Pregnancy test Detects the hCG protein in urine. Glucose monitoring device (for diabetes patients) Monitors the glucose level in the blood. Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

Research Biosensors Biacore Biosensor platform Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

Types of Biosensors Calorimetric Biosensor (thermometric ) Potentiometric Biosensor Amperometric Biosensor Optical Biosensor Piezo-electric Biosensor Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

1- Calorimetric Biosensors Principles Theory 1- Every enzyme catalysed reactions are exothermic, generating heat as Reactant Enzyme Heat output H (kJ mole-1) Cholesterol Cholesterol oxidase 53 Esters Chymotrypsin 4 - 16 Glucose Glucose oxidase 80 Hydrogen peroxide Catalase 100 Penicillin G Penicillinase 67 Peptides Trypsin 10 - 30 Starch Amylase 8 Sucrose Invertase 20 Urea Urease 61 Uric acid Uricase 49 2- The heat are measured using thermostate and, hence, the analyte concentration Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

1- Calorimetric Biosensors How it works 1- The sample stream (a) passes through the outer insulated box (b) to the heat exchanger (c) within an aluminium block (d). 2- From there, it flows past the reference thermistor (e) and into the packed bed bioreactor (f), containing the biocatalyst, where the reaction occurs. 3- The change in temperature is determined by the thermistor (g) and the solution passed to waste (h). External electronics (l) determines the difference in the resistance, and hence temperature, between the thermistors. Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

1- Calorimetric Biosensors The thermistors, used to detect the temperature change, function by changing their electrical resistance with the temperature,          where R1 and R2 are the resistances of the thermistors at absolute temperatures T1 and T2 respectively and B is a characteristic temperature constant for the thermistor. When the temperature change is very small B[(1/T1) - (1/T2)] is very much smaller than one when x<<1 that ex=1+x Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

1- Calorimetric Biosensors ∆R=R1-R2 ∆T=T1-TT2 Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

Many thanks Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban Questions?????