Thoughts on a GEM-CEDAR “Mission” Where are we going? Thoughts on a GEM-CEDAR “Mission” The Systems Perspective CEDAR: The New Dimension

Thoughts on a GEM-CEDAR “Mission” Where are we going? Thoughts on a GEM-CEDAR “Mission” Outline of the Talk (and maybe an insight into my psyche) What would I do if I had $1M? What would I do if I had $2M? What would I do if I had $7M? What would I do if I had $25M? What would I do if I had $250M? How would I get $250M?

We know a lot more than my comments would indicate This is an exciting era in terms of in situ geospace missions: THEMIS, Cluster, Swarm, MMS, RBSP, ERG, Lomonosov, ePOP, GOES, POES. We know a lot more than my comments would indicate Arcs map to the TCS There are different types of arcs (stationary, Alfvenic, FLR) The onset arc maps to the inner edge of TCS (magnetic wall; ~8Re) Proton aurora mostly due to field line curvature Some proton aurora due to EMIC waves PPA due to chorus (equatorward) and eECH waves (poleward) Streamers indicate BBFs Relationships between boundaries and magnetospheric counterparts We can infer energy from the multi-wavelength data (MOOSE, NORSTAR) Similar advances have been made across the GEM-CEDAR milieu. We can build on this all to create a fundamentally new capability. 3

Dispersionless Injection (DI), Diploarization, Convection, Plasma, Waves all interrelated

Liu et al., JGR, 2007. Spanswick et al., ICS-8, 2007. We have used riometer and MSP Hbeta observations to demonstrate the (near) simultaneity of dipolarization and injection. We have used riometer and Geotail LEP data to demonstrate the (near) simultaneity of fast flows and injection. Liu et al., JGR, 2007. Spanswick et al., ICS-8, 2007.

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Keograms from redline images from ASIs at Resolute Bay, Rankin Inlet, Gillam, and Pinawa, showing polar cap patches moving down onto (through) the OCB (the “ledge” in the Rankin Inlet keogram), and spawning streamers that move all the sway to the equatorward part of the redline oval. These polar cap & CPS dynamics are not generally visible in the THEMIS ASIs.

If I had a million dollars….

If I had two million dollars….

TREx Precipitation 3 second redline 10X3X3 IRIS array If I had two million dollars….

TREx Precipitation 10 Hz greenline 10 Hz blueline 3 second redline 10X7X7 IRIS array 10 MIS ICT If I had seven million dollars….

This is a mid-scale project. TREx Precipitation Convection Currents ICT This is a mid-scale project. If I had 25,000,000 dollars….

TREx LALO Mid-Size Projects FPI-Net Antarctic 22

TREx LALO NATION Conjugate EISCAT 3D Modelling ICT/HPC Modules Skynet Comprehensive 3D IT imaging across a large (but not global) region targeting composition, winds, convection, currents, and precipitation. MREFC & partnership with Canada LALO NATION Conjugate EISCAT 3D Modelling ICT/HPC If I had 250,000,000 dollars…. 23

Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction NEON – National Ecological Observatory Network OOI – Ocean Observing Initiative IceCube Neutrino Observatory ALMA – Atacama Large Millimeter Array ATST – Advanced Technology Solar Telescope

Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction NEON – National Ecological Observatory Network OOI – Ocean Observing Initiative IceCube Neutrino Observatory ALMA – Atacama Large Millimeter Array ATST – Advanced Technology Solar Telescope Skynet – an MREFC targeting as yet unexplored ITM coupling processes. Innovative - fundamentally new Targeted - organized around important questions Transformative - enable significant advances in understanding Broad appeal - matter to all GEM-CEDAR and other NSF disciplines Educational relevance - impact education at multiple levels Societal relevance - benefit society Societal appeal - great name, great visuals, citizen science, etc. Low cost to operate - many facilities end up being burdensome to budgets International - engage significant international partnership Ideally, Skynet would be created in a competitive process.

NASA 2009 Roadmap: “… understand the Sun and its Effects on Earth …” CEDAR: “… understand the processes that govern the coupling, energetics, and dynamics of the upper atmosphere, and its linkages with the lower atmosphere, space, and the universe beyond…” GEM: “… understand, explain and ultimately predict geospace system dynamics…” SHINE: “… understanding of the processes by which energy in the form of B-fields and particles are produced by the Sun and/or accelerated in interplanetary space and on the mechanisms by which [they] are transported to the Earth...” NASA 2009 Roadmap: “… understand the Sun and its Effects on Earth …” CGSM: “… understand the transport of mass and energy across multiple scales throughout the entire solar system…” (2003); “To observe and understand geospace as a system.” (2012) GEMSIS: “… understanding energy and mass transport from the Sun to the Earth in the geospace environment.” 26

Science Goals for the Next Decade Goal 1: Determine the origins of the Sun’s activity and predict the variations in the space environment. Goal 2: Determine the dynamics and coupling of the Earth’s magnetosphere, ionosphere, and atmosphere and their response to the solar and terrestrial inputs. Goal 3: Determine the interaction of the Sun with the solar system and the interstellar medium. Goal 4: Discover and characterize fundamental processes that occur both within the heliosphere and throughout the universe.

Science Objectives Fundamental processes. How do small scale processes affect geospace at the system level? How does space affect (evolution, climate, technology) the atmosphere? What is the origin of the magnetosphere?

Specify two or three important (mission class) science objectives. Determine the extent and location to be “imaged” Identify the parameters, resolutions, cadence, duration etc necessary for science closure. Meet all the program requirements.

A “Mission-Level” Ground-Based Geospace Initiative Be bold – imagine that we can do this if we develop the right vision (the right two or three “mission level” questions), establish the right partnerships, and the right technological and scientific innovations. At $300M, this ground-based geospace project would be similar to the Canadian-led Ocean Tracking Network ($350M), the NSF MREFC funded Ocean Observing Initiative (>$200M), and would enable profound steps forward scientifically. Done right, the science and societal benefits payoff would exceed that of a typical NASA Explorer class mission. This would be a great partnership initiative between GEM and CEDAR, and between the US and Canada and other nations.