Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Example of a good material list identifying exactly what is required Poor example of material list. Is compression or solder fitting required? How much copper tube is needed? Examples of good and bad estimates Communication skills From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 5 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 11 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Typical site entry sign From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 13 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes incorrect (lower back strain) correct (legs bent and straight back) Completed risk assessment forms Lifting heavy loads Open boarded trench as used in stable gound, and fenced off Poor working practice climbing on incomplete scallold, no boots, hard hat not fitted correctly and no high visibility jacket. An accident waiting to happen! From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page15 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Use the correct and safe equipment for the job! Protective clothing From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 17 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Typical safety signs in place Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes wear head protection wear eye protection first aid Indication of direction Mandatory Safe condition no smoking pedestrians prohibited risk of electric shock general risk of danger Prohibition Hazard Location of fire alarm Location of fire extinguisher Fire safety Typical safety signs in place From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 19 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

COSHH file with appropriate safety information date sheets Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes COSHH file with appropriate safety information date sheets From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 21 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes 1.07mmin 4 75° 1 ladder at the correct angle, staked and tied Mobile tower ensure step ladder is on a firm base with legs fully apart. Do not work off the top step Incomplete scaffold (this scaffold system must not be used until complete and safe) From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 23 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Typical 110 volt power tools Impulse cartridge-operated nail gun Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes loose head Mushroomed head A piece may break off and fly into your eye split shaft Unprotected file tang Unsafe and inappropriate use of tools Typical 110 volt power tools Impulse cartridge-operated nail gun From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 25 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Example fire extinguishers Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Heat cream black Red Red Oxygen Oxygen Red Fuel Remove any one of these three factors and the fire will be extinguished fire blanket foam CO2 Example fire extinguishers From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 27 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Examples of Regulations and British Standards Governing Plumbing Work From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 29 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

pressure reducing valve Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Pipework symbols direction of flow pipe perpenducular to plan detail visible pipe union flange capped end hose connection pipe behind duct drain off cock straight two port valve three port valve angled two port valve wheel headed valve lockshield headed valve pipe at high level pressure reducing valve strainer check valve draw off point (tap) float operated valve pipe above suspended ceiling gas water pressure relief valve radiator heated towel rail circulating pump gas meter water meter Sanitary appliances wash basin sink sink top LH drawer bidet WC separate cistern bowl urinal WC close coupled stall urinal bath basic identification colour specific colour 150mm approx 100mm approx 150mm approx direction of flow Application of pipe contents identification colours Identification of pipework From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 31 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Areas, volumes and capacities Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Example 1 Areas (m2) rectangle Breadth 0.7m Length 1.2m Example 2 Example 3 parallelogram 2 sets of parallel sides triangle Length 1.2m Length 1.2m Example 4 Length 3.0m trapezium 1 set of parallel sides Distance 0.7m Circle Example 5 Radius 0.6m Example 7 Height 0.6m Example 6 Height 2.3m Length 1.2m Breadth 0.7m Radius 0.6m Volumes (m3) Areas, volumes and capacities From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 35 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Relative density of materials Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Methane 10°C Butane 4°C Oil Cork 1°C Water 4°C Gold Relative density of materials Maximum density of water (4°C) Mass/weight and pressure From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 37 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Intensity of pressure = Head × 9.81 2.5 × 9.81 = 24.525 kN/m2 . . . .. . Total pressure = IoP × Area acted upon 24.525 × 0.5 × 0.3 = 3.6788 kN . . . . .. 2.5m 0.3m 0.5m Using a pressure gauge to find the supply pressure Note: the greater the head the greater the pressure 15mm diamter The pressure at tap ‘A’ is Much greater than at tap ‘B’ (head gives pressure not volume) A B Water pressure From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 39 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Cathode, as taken from a hot storage vessel, showing signs of corrosion Fitting showing evidence of dezincification of brass From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 45 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Typical extra tools the professional may have Poor stock of tools, creating the wrong impression Well-stocked plumbers’ tool kit From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 47 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

cutters and pipe slices Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes copper tube roller cutters ‘stilson’ wrench free standing machine back guide hand held bender fixed rollers stops hydraulic press bender ram various sized formers pipe slice basin spanner 3 wheel cutter link cutters adjustable spanner wrenches and spanners Pipe cutters Typical copper tube cutters and pipe slices Pipe cutters chuck deburring reamer Bending equipment pipe threading machine Specialist tools for pipework Hand held drop head die stocks From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 49 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Specialist leadworking tools Specialist hand tools for sheetwork Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes flat dresser bossing stick setting-in stick bossing mallet chase wedge dummy step turner cane handle drip plate Specialist leadworking tools lead knife searing pliers shave hook Specialist hand tools for sheetwork From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 51 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Compression ring copper liner grip ring rubber ring pipe low voltage current to heating element compression joint pipe BS male iron thread push fit joint insert push fit joint Compression, push fit and fusion joints as used for polythene and polyethylene service mains push fit joint allowance for expansion fusion welded joint Push fit joint as used for low pressure waste pipework Plastic Pipe and Fittings Various types of plastic fittings used on high and low pressure pipework From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 53 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes tapered thread (Crane fitting) female thread of fittings as produced by two leading manufacturers parallel thread (GF fitting) male thread cut onto pipe with stocks and dies rubber Compression ring stainless steel backing washer threaded socket being used correct order of tightening bolts on a flange to prevent distortion compression coupling being used Typical selection of low carbon steel pipe fittings gasket union connector flange joint longscrew Low carbon steel pipe and fittings From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 55 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes compression ring pipe Non-manipulative compression fitting nut fitting body belled out end pipe adapto pipe Manipulative compression fitting Solder ring fitting End feed solder fitting Typical selection of copper fittings solder applied to fitting grab ring 22 mm 22 mm ‘O’ ring 22 mm the above fitting is specified 22 × 15 × 22 (not 22 × 22 × 15) Typical push fit joint Copper pipe and fittings From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 57 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Low carbon steel pipe bending Low carbon steel pipe bending Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes ‘X’ stops proposed bend nominal diameter of pipe ‘X’ hydraulic bending machine former centre mark location for second bend Hydraulic pipe bender Forming a 90° bend required offset 2 required offset pulling 1st bend 1 3 pulling 2nd bend Low carbon steel pipe bending Low carbon steel pipe bending From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 59 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes ‘X’ Required offset Rippling caused by the roller being too loose proposed bend straight edge first bend Throating caused by the roller being too tight pulling 1st bend pulling 2nd bend ‘X’ roller back guide Forming an offset Incorrect roller adjustment tube stop straight edge square Forming a 90° bend mark to indicate position of passover at which to bend when in machine required distance of passover Required offset Copper pipe bending From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 61 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Internal support will be required when heat bending copper or plastic pipe 15 mm dia D external bending spring centre line radius R Bends pulled with increased Radius (made using bending springs and heat) The heat length is found by 4D × 1.5 4 × 15 × 1.5 = 90 mm internal bending spring .. . This section is heated and the bend pulled 90 mm heat length Bend pulled with bending machine (all radius remain the same) Pipe bending using heat From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 63 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Typical hard soldered joints Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Note: the joint can be made in any angle as the solder is drawn into the close fitting surfaces old fashioned lead solder joint capillary joints wiped taft joint Typical soft soldered joints high temperature joints Made using oxyacetylene equipment low temperature joints made using LPG blowpipe capillary joints bronze welded joint Note: the surface area between the mating surfaces does not need to be as great as that for soft soldered joints Examples of hard and soft soldering Soldering Typical hard soldered joints From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 65 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Small port-a-pac Oxyacetylene Welding equipment and safety Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes welding nozzles available in various sizes Saffire DH blowpipe Model ‘O’ blowpipe outlet pressure gauge cylinder contents gauge flashback arrestor pressure regulator blue hose cylinder outlet valve nozzle red hose blowpipe spindle key cylinders secured to trolley Small port-a-pac Oxyacetylene welding set hose heck valves firefighting apparatus at hand acetylene cylinder (painted maroon) oxygen cylinder (painted black) Welding equipment and safety From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 67 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com Standard welding equipment

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes hottest part of flame carburising flame (excess acetylene) neutral flame carburising flame (excess oxygen) The oxyacetylene flame nozzle filler rod 30–40° 60–70° direction of weld Leftward welding technique filler rod blowpipe is generally directed from side to side 30–40° 40–70° direction of weld Rightward welding technique filler rod follows the blowpipe in a circular motion Welding processes From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 69 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes lap square butt (for sheet thickness 1–3 mm) single ‘V’ butt (for sheet thickness 3–6 mm) double ‘V’ butt Bronze welded joints to sheet material bell joint bell branch butt joint butt branch reducing joint Joints to pipe reducing branch Bronze welding From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 71 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com Page 13

herringbone design of weld thumbnail design of weld Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes herringbone design of weld (straight line of progression with a fast flame) thumbnail design of weld (side to side progression with a slow flame) butt weld upright seam lap weld inclined seam lapped seam up an inclined plane section Vertical welds (no filler rods used) filler rod 60 ° 30 ° spot tack 2md loading 6 mm 1st loading tack 12 mm Lead welding From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 73 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes crutch head rising spindle packing gland nut headgear packing jumper body washer Stopcock wedge shaped gate non-rising spindle wheel head seating Fullway gatevalve key to operate valve Plug cock (in closed position) fibre or metal washer Disc globe cock quarter turn head valve open ‘O’ rings valve closed Ball valve (typical design used for washing machines etc.) In-line valves From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 75 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Mono-block design of mixer taps Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes headgear body jumper washer Screwdown bibtap Automatic closing device washer Supatap design of bibcock Examples of terminal fittings ‘O’ ring washer backnut Pillar tap circlip non-rising spindle Quarter turn ceramic disc pillar tap top disc turns fixed disc ‘O’ ring washer Drain off cock double outlet water mixes as it leaves the spout single outlet water mixes in body of tap Mono-block design of mixer taps Terminals valves From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 77 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com

Float-operated valves Key Principles, Safety and Common Plumbing Processes Note how the water enters cistern above the valve thus ensuring an air gap is maintained seating Diaphragm type (torbeck) (BS 1212 pt 4) equilibrium valves As the water rises it lifts the float which transmits the force to the washer closing off the supply washer split pin Portsmouth type Diaphragm ballvalve (BS 1212 pt 2/3) lever arm float Note: the water pressure acts on both sides of the washer, therefore it is in a state of equilibrium piston Portsmouth ballvalve (BS 1212 pt 1) Float-operated valves From Plumbing (3rd edition), R.D. Treloar, page 79 Copyright Blackwell Publishing Ltd, all rights reserved: www.blackwellpublishing.com Page 13