Science Lee County Adult and Community Education GED Online Week Nine Science Lee County Adult and Community Education

Review of class assignments 3 weekly webinars Math (only attend one math webinar per week) Reading/Language Arts Science/Social Studies You must submit a summary of the webinar to your teacher if you miss the live webinar 3 weekly webinar assignments Math (only complete the math assignment that corresponds to your webinar) Email assignments to your teacher of record 6 hours on learn.aztecsoftware.com

Students Viewing Recording If you are watching the recording of this webinar, you must submit a one paragraph summary of this webinar to your teacher.

Website for Webinars and Assignments http://aceleecountygedprogram.blogspot.com

Please label all assignments Reminder To earn the correct credit- Please label all assignments Label homework by subject and week number Label Webinars by subject and week and state that it is a webinar summary! If submitting assignments by picture, please check for clarity before sending.

Review Week 8 Name the five elements of political cartoons. Caricatures, Symbolism, Irony, Labeling, Sarcasm List five symbols that are commonly used in political cartoons. Dove, Uncle Sam, donkey, elephant, heart, dollar sign, wearing white or black    Name one step out of four that you would use when analyzing political cartoons. Identify the characters, symbols and objects in the cartoon. Look for clues and details that would be given for further meaning. Identify the main idea of the cartoon by reading the captions and putting the message into their own words. Identify any bias the cartoonist might have.   Define caricature. A picture, description, or imitation of a person or thing in which certain striking characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect.

Review Week 8 When are symbols used in political cartoons? To represent ideas or qualities Define irony when irony is used in political cartoons. The expression of one’s meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. When is sarcasm used in political cartoons? It can be used to insult someone, or show irritation, or to be funny,

Review Week 8 Name two reasons political posters have been used over the last two hundred years. They could be produced cheaply and plastered up quickly. “Rosie the Riveter” was a political poster from the World War I Era. True False

Career of the Week Law, Public Safety & Security

The Law Enforcement Academy If you like to solve problems, work with others and take charge of difficult situations, this may be the dream job you're after. The police are dedicated to supporting the law by detecting and arresting criminal activity and by maintaining order, peace and safety. They work for city or state governments and are given the authority to use special methods and instruments to protect the members of their community. Police officers spend a lot of their time preventing criminals from succeeding; they often work in dangerous and chaotic conditions. For this reason, police officers must be brave, focused and reliable. To be a good police officer, you have to be a team player who takes orders well and sticks to the plan.

The Program The purpose of this program is to prepare students for initial employment as a certified law enforcement officer in the state of Florida. To successfully complete this basic recruit training program, recruits must achieve a passing score on each of the written end-of-course examinations. Recruits must also demonstrate proficiency in the DUI Traffic Stops course and in the high liability courses (vehicle operations, first aid, firearms, and defensive tactics) and participate in the Criminal Justice Standards & Training  The Southwest Florida Public Service Academy is certified by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement's Criminal Justice Standards & Training Commission and the Florida Bureau of Fire Standards and Training Commission to train cadets to become Florida state-certified police officers, correctional officers, probation & parole officers, and firefighters.

Career of the Week Program 790 Hours Introduction to Law Enforcement Legal Interactions in a Diverse Community Interviewing and Report Writing Fundamentals of Patrol Calls for Service Criminal Investigations Crime Scene to Courtroom Critical Incidents Traffic Stops DUI Traffic Stops

Program (continued) Traffic Crash Investigations CMS Law Enforcement Vehicle Operations CMS First Aid for Criminal Justice Officers CMS Criminal Justice Firearms CMS Criminal Justice Defensive Tactics Dart-Firing Stun Guns Criminal Justice Officer Physical Fitness Training Law Enforcement Total Program Hours 770 Written Exams & Review 20 hours Total Hours 790

Information FMTC information sessions will be held every Tuesday at 9:30 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. A school counselor will host these 1-hour sessions. Learn more about the career training offered at FMTC, financial assistance, and enrollment steps. A campus tour will follow. Please call the school at (239) 334-4544 for more information. Affordable Tuition FMTC is part of The School District of Lee County and supported by tax dollars. Tuition is reasonably priced. Financial Aid Financial aid is available for those who qualify. We are proud of the fact that our students graduate with jobs, not loans. Scholarships are also available.

Hurricane! Leaflet No. 3. ©2013 by Andrew Schuerger. Licensed for use in one classroom.

Naming Hurricanes Before 1953 hurricanes were identified by dates 1953 to 1979 hurricanes were given only female names After 1979 male names were added The National Hurricane Center has two lists of names- one for the Atlantic storms and one for the Pacific storms- the two lists contain enough names for a six year cycle and then the names are repeated. . If a storm is considered to be exceptional (meaning tremendous devastation) then the name gets retired The names are taken each year from the main list- arranged alphabetically, alternating male and female The storm receives its name once it becomes a tropical storm- winds 39 miles per hour or greater

Forecasting a Hurricane If the storm can be detected early then we can minimize the loss (property and life) Meteorologists are constantly on guard during hurricane season- from June 1 to November 30 Meteorologists monitor: Weather satellites and monitor the size and strength of a new storm Data received from weather reconnaissance aircraft which through hurricanes Radar- when the storm gets into range and can be detected

The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1 to 5 rating based on a hurricane's sustained wind speed. This scale estimates potential property damage. Hurricanes reaching Category 3 and higher are considered major hurricanes because of their potential for significant loss of life and damage. Category 1 and 2 storms are still dangerous, however, and require preventative measures. In the western North Pacific, the term "super typhoon" is used for tropical cyclones with sustained winds exceeding 150 mph.

The Saffir-Simpson Scale

Category One Hurricane Sustained winds 74-95 mph. Dangerous winds will produce some damage People, livestock, and pets struck by flying or falling debris could be injured or killed. Older (mainly pre-1994 construction) mobile homes could be destroyed, especially if they are not anchored properly as they tend to shift or roll off their foundations. Newer mobile homes that are anchored properly can sustain damage involving the removal of shingle or metal roof coverings, and loss of vinyl siding, as well as damage to carports, sunrooms, or lanais. Some poorly constructed frame homes can experience major damage, involving loss of the roof covering and damage to gable ends as well as the removal of porch coverings and awnings. Unprotected windows may break if struck by flying debris. Masonry chimneys can be toppled. Well-constructed frame homes could have damage to roof shingles, vinyl siding, soffit panels, and gutters.

Cat One Hurricane Failure of aluminum, screened-in, swimming pool enclosures can occur. Some apartment building and shopping center roof coverings could be partially removed. Industrial buildings can lose roofing and siding especially from windward corners, rakes, and eaves. Failures to overhead doors and unprotected windows will be common. Windows in high-rise buildings can be broken by flying debris. Falling and broken glass will pose a significant danger even after the storm. There will be occasional damage to commercial signage, fences, and canopies. Large branches of trees will snap and shallow rooted trees can be toppled. Extensive damage to power lines and poles will likely result in power outages that could last a few to several days. Hurricane Dolly (2008) is an example of a hurricane that brought Category 1 winds and impacts to South Padre Island, Texas.

Category Two Hurricane Sustained winds 96-110 mph. Extremely dangerous winds will cause extensive damage There is a substantial risk of injury or death to people, livestock, and pets due to flying and falling debris. Older (mainly pre-1994 construction) mobile homes have a very high chance of being destroyed and the flying debris generated can shred nearby mobile homes. Newer mobile homes can also be destroyed. Poorly constructed frame homes have a high chance of having their roof structures removed especially if they are not anchored properly. Unprotected windows will have a high probability of being broken by flying debris. Well-constructed frame homes could sustain major roof and siding damage. Failure of aluminum, screened-in, swimming pool enclosures will be common.

Cat Two Hurricane There will be a substantial percentage of roof and siding damage to apartment buildings and industrial buildings. Unreinforced masonry walls can collapse. Windows in high rise buildings can be broken by flying debris. Falling and broken glass will pose a significant danger even after the storm. Commercial signage, fences, and canopies will be damaged and often destroyed. Many shallowly rooted trees will be snapped or uprooted and block numerous roads. Near-total power loss is expected with outages that could last from several days to weeks. Potable water could become scarce as filtration systems begin to fail. Hurricane Frances (2004) is an example of a hurricane that brought Category 2 winds and impacts to coastal portions of Port St. Lucie, Florida with Category1 conditions experienced elsewhere in the city.

Category Three Hurricane Sustained winds 111-129 mph, Devastating damage will occur There is a high risk of injury or death to people, livestock, and pets due to flying and falling debris. Nearly all older (pre-1994) mobile homes will be destroyed. Most newer mobile homes will sustain severe damage with potential for complete roof failure and wall collapse. Poorly constructed frame homes can be destroyed by the removal of the roof and exterior walls. Unprotected windows will be broken by flying debris. Well-built frame homes can experience major damage involving the removal of roof decking and gable ends. There will be a high percentage of roof covering and siding damage to apartment buildings and industrial buildings. Isolated structural damage to wood or steel framing can occur. Complete failure of older metal buildings is possible,

Cat Three Hurricane and older unreinforced masonry buildings can collapse. Numerous windows will be blown out of high-rise buildings resulting in falling glass, which will pose a threat for days to weeks after the storm. Most commercial signage, fences, and canopies will be destroyed. Many trees will be snapped or uprooted, blocking numerous roads. Electricity and water will be unavailable for several days to a few weeks after the storm passes. Hurricane Ivan (2004) is an example of a hurricane that brought Category 3 winds and impacts to coastal portions of Gulf Shores, Alabama with Category 2 conditions experienced elsewhere in this city.

Category Four Hurricane Sustained winds 130-156 mph. Catastrophic damage will occur There is a very high risk of injury or death to people, livestock, and pets due to flying and falling debris. Nearly all older (pre-1994) mobile homes will be destroyed. A high percentage of newer mobile homes also will be destroyed. Poorly constructed homes can sustain complete collapse of all walls as well as the loss of the roof structure. Well-built homes also can sustain severe damage with loss of most of the roof structure and/or some exterior walls. Extensive damage to roof coverings, windows, and doors will occur. Large amounts of windborne debris will be lofted into the air. Windborne debris damage will break most unprotected windows and penetrate some protected windows. There will be a high percentage of structural damage to the top floors of apartment buildings.

Cat Four Hurricane Steel frames in older industrial buildings can collapse. There will be a high percentage of collapse to older unreinforced masonry buildings. Most windows will be blown out of high-rise buildings resulting in falling glass, which will pose a threat for days to weeks after the storm. Nearly all commercial signage, fences, and canopies will be destroyed. Most trees will be snapped or uprooted and power poles downed. Fallen trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Power outages will last for weeks to possibly months. Long-term water shortages will increase human suffering. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months. Hurricane Charley (2004) is an example of a hurricane that brought Category 4 winds and impacts to coastal portions of Punta Gorda, Florida with Category 3 conditions experienced elsewhere in the city.

Category Five Hurricane Sustained winds 157 mph or higher. Catastrophic damage will occur People, livestock, and pets are at very high risk of injury or death from flying or falling debris, even if indoors in mobile homes or framed homes. Almost complete destruction of all mobile homes will occur, regardless of age or construction. A high percentage of frame homes will be destroyed, with total roof failure and wall collapse. Extensive damage to roof covers, windows, and doors will occur. Large amounts of windborne debris will be lofted into the air. Windborne debris damage will occur to nearly all unprotected windows and many protected windows. Significant damage to wood roof commercial buildings will occur due to loss of roof sheathing. Complete collapse of many older metal buildings can occur. Most unreinforced masonry walls will fail which can lead to the collapse of the buildings.

Cat Five Hurricane A high percentage of industrial buildings and low-rise apartment buildings will be destroyed. Nearly all windows will be blown out of high-rise buildings resulting in falling glass, which will pose a threat for days to weeks after the storm. Nearly all commercial signage, fences, and canopies will be destroyed. Nearly all trees will be snapped or uprooted and power poles downed. Fallen trees and power poles will isolate residential areas. Power outages will last for weeks to possibly months. Long-term water shortages will increase human suffering. Most of the area will be uninhabitable for weeks or months. Hurricane Andrew (1992) is an example of a hurricane that brought Category 5 winds and impacts to coastal portions of Cutler Ridge, Florida with Category 4 conditions experienced elsewhere in south Miami-Dade County.

National Hurricane Center in Miami, Florida will issue hurricane watches and warnings Hurricane Watch – means that hurricane conditions are likely in the watch area within 36 hours Hurricane Warning – means that hurricane conditions are likely in the warning area within 24 hours

The Eye of the Hurricane The center of the hurricane Where all of the moist, warm, rising air sinks Has few clouds, sometimes you can see blue sky or stars No rain, calm winds Eyewall - Surrounded by intense thunder storms. The storm that follows the passing of the eye is much more intense than what initially passed over the land

The Water Cycle The goal of the next slide is to introduce how water gets into the atmosphere and then returns. This will lead into how hurricanes form over warm oceans. There are many other ways water can be returned to the Earth’s surface besides rain and snow, including sleet, hail, dew, and fog.

The Water Cycle Water cycles continuously between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere. Water evaporates from the land, lakes, and oceans adding moisture to the atmosphere. The water vapor forms clouds that rise to higher and higher altitudes. Eventually rain or snow falls from clouds returning the water to the Earth’s surface. The cycle repeats itself endlessly.

How does a thunderstorm form?

Formation of Thunderstorms Thunderstorms and hurricanes start by the same process of warm moist air rising from the surface of oceans. If the storm region (also called a storm cell) is small, then a thunderstorm forms. If the rising warm moist air extends over many thousands of square miles, the system begins to rotate and a hurricane may develop.

Thunderstorms Thunderstorms can form over land, lakes, and oceans. However, hurricanes only form over warm ocean waters. The reason? Hurricanes are large complex systems that require very warm and very moist air to grow larger. Only warm ocean waters in the equatorial or sub-tropical regions can provide the energy (warm waters) and moisture (evaporation) to form a hurricane

When a large region of moist air rises over the ocean, a group of thunderstorms begin to rotate counterclockwise. Why? The rotation is caused by the Coriolis effect. As the rotation of the storm increases, the winds around the center pick up speed until they become first a tropical storm (sustained winds of 35 mph), and then a hurricane (sustained winds of 75 mph, or greater).

The Coriolis Effect The Coriolis effect is a deflection of a moving object when viewed in a rotating reference frame. Thus, if the student were on a merry-go-round, and they rolled a ball while rotating around the merry-go-round, the ball would appear to deflect to one side depending on the direction of rotation. In our current case, the rotating reference frame is the Earth spinning on its axis, and the moving object is a large region of rising warm moist air called a tropical wave. The result is that the storm begins to deflect to one side. Once started, the deflected air begins to rotate counterclockwise.

The highest winds are found in the eyewall of a hurricane. Damaging winds and heavy rain can also occur in the rainbands of a hurricane. Air in a rotating hurricane is drawn into the center of the storm, called the eye. When the air reaches the eye, it rises up through the eyewall and spreads out on top of the hurricane forming dense cirrus clouds

Before and After Photos of the Damage Caused by Hurricane Sandy in 2012.

Hurricane Damage High winds and flooding are two of the most common forms of damage during a hurricane.

Hurricane Damage Facts There are so many images on the internet for hurricane damage, that dozens of slides could be added to this presentation. The key here is that strong hurricanes can literally level coastal cities. But the strong winds do not travel very far inland. Generally, the winds die off 10 mph for every 10-20 miles the hurricane moves inland. So a Category 5 storm with winds above 156 mph might be only a Category 1 hurricane when the eye is 100 miles inland from the coast. Land surfaces act like brakes on a hurricane’s rotation.

Hurricane Damage Tornadoes can also cause damage in hurricanes because they can be embedded within rainbands. Tornadoes are called water spouts when they occur over water.

Hurricane Damage Facts Tornadoes form within hurricane rain bands because of the swirling winds within the hurricane. When winds moving in opposite directions collide, a tornado can form. Tornadoes in hurricane rain bands can occur, but they are not always present.

Hurricane Damage The most extreme forms of damage from a hurricane are along coastlines. Here, only a single home remains standing along the Texas coastline after Hurricane Ike hit in 2008. Hurricane damage along a coastline is the most severe because of high winds, pounding rain, and the storm surge. What is a storm surge?

Storm Surge

Storm Surge Facts After Hurricane Ike hit the Texas coastline in 2008, the level of damage was almost 100%. This level of catastrophic damage only occurs when a very strong hurricane hits a coastline at high tide. Why? Because the storm surge plus the high tide brings pounding surf further inland than if the hurricane storm surge hit at low tide. This was the case in Hurricane Ike. Thus, sometimes the same strength of a hurricane might cause very different levels of damage depending on when and where each storm hits the coast.

Storm Surge Facts The storm surge on a Category 5 storm can be as high as 50 feet above normal sea level. 95% of the storm surge height is caused by wind pushing the ocean in front of the storm.

Hurricane Tracking How strong will they get? Where will they go?

How is a hurricane tracked? National Hurricane Center Weather satellites collect photos and other data each day during hurricane season. Images from several different types of satellites are studied to estimate the position, direction, and intensity of a storm. Then, hurricane tracking aircraft fly into the storm to confirm wind speed and direction, rainfall, and internal pressure of the hurricane eye.

Scientists read weather maps to detect storms storms. Katrina, 2005 Hurricane Isabel, 2010

Hurricane tracking airplanes fly into storms. Hurricane tracking airplanes will fly into the hearts of hurricanes to measure the wind speed, rainfall, and atmospheric pressure. The information is sent by radio to the National Hurricane Center in Miami, FL so that scientists can predict where the hurricane will go.

Hurricane Tracks

Reviewing Hurricane Facts A hurricane is 1. A powerful storm 2. An intense area of tropical low pressure 3. A storm with winds of at least 74 miles per hour 4. A hurricane in the Pacific Ocean is called a typhoon Hurricanes form over tropical oceans where two opposing winds meet and begin to swirl A low pressure area develops in the middle of the swirl and this begins to rotate counterclockwise The hurricane needs warm water to provide energy for the storm