Reflexive pronouns Review personal pronouns Review Intensive pronouns Possessive adjectives

Review personal pronouns Singular Nom ego I Gen mei of me Dat mihi to/for me Acc me me Abl me from/by/with me Nom tu you Gen tui of you Dat tibi to/for you Acc te you Abl te from/by/with you Masc Fem Neut Nom is he ea id Gen eius of him eius eius Dat ei to/for him ei ei Acc eum him eam id Abl eo from/by/with him ea eo Plural nos we nostrum of us nobis to/for us nos us nobis from/by/with us vos you vestrum of you vobis to/for you vobis from/by/with you Masc Fem Neut ei they eae ea eorum of them earum eorum eis to/for them eis eis eos them eas ea eis from/by/with them eis eis

Reflexive pronouns The Subject REFLECTS an action back on itself. Therefore, reflexive pronouns only exists in the objective cases. The person or thing in the objective case (the reflexive pronoun) is the same as the subject Examples: I see myself in the mirror (The subject ‘I’ sees the subject in the mirror) Ego me in speculo videt. You gave yourself a present. (The subject ‘you’ gives the subject a present) Tu tibi donum dedisti. For 1st and 2nd person singular and plural the reflexive pronouns are the same as the objective forms of the personal pronouns (see previous screen) but are translated –self/-selves

Reflexive pronouns for 3rd person Third persons do NOT use the objective forms of the personal pronouns reflexively. 3rd singular AND plural have the same special forms. Remember there is NO nominative since the pronoun must reflect back to the subject. Examples: Cornelia sees herself in the mirror. Cornelia se in speculo videt. The girls gave themselves a present. Puellae sibi donum dederunt. Nom ***** Gen sui of himself,herself, itself, themselves Dat sibi to/for himself, herself, itself, themselves Acc se himself, herself, itself, themselves Abl se from/by/with himself, herself, itself, themselves

Using reflexive pronouns Always check with the subject and/or the verb ending to see what form of reflexive pronoun is needed Example: 1. Ubi cecidimus, _______ nocuimus. (vobis/nobis/sibi) When we fell, we hurt ourselves. We must choose nobis because we need the reflexive pronoun for 1st plural. 2. Sextus ______ clausit in cubiculo. (eum/me/se) Sextus (he) shut himself in his room. We must choose se because Sextus was doing the action to Sextus so we need the reflexive for 3rd person singular. 3. Puellae inter _____ dixerunt sub arbore. (eas/se/eae) The girls talked among themselves under the tree. We must choose se because the girls were talking to the same girls so we need the reflexive for 3rd person plural (same forms as 3rd person singular)

Review Intensive pronouns Singular Masc Fem Neut ipse ipsa ipsum ipsius ipsius ipsius ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsum ipsam ipsum ipso ipsa ipso Plural Masc Fem Neut ipsi ipsae ipsa ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum ipsis ipsis ipsis ipsos ipsas ipsa ipsis ipsis ipsis

Reflexive vs Intensive vs. Personal pronouns I did it myself. Ego ipsa id feci. (I used ipsa-nom. sing. fem.-to intensify the fact that I am responsible for my own accomplishment) I saw myself clearly. Ego me clare videt. (I used mihi reflexively since I did the harm and I was the recipient of the harm) Does Cornelia like me? Corneliane me amat? (I used the personal pronoun me to take the place of my name) Three more examples: The messenger gave the letter to the emperor himself. Nuntius epistulam principi ipsi dedit. The emperor gave himself a horse. Princeps equum sibi dedit. The emperor also gave a horse to him (someone else). Princeps equum eo dedit.

Possessive Adjectives Used in place of the genitive personal pronoun to indicate ownership. In English we do not say “Give me the book of me” we say “Give me MY book” These are adjectives and so must agree with the noun they modify (not the owner) in gender, number and case. Examples: Da mihi magnum librum. Give me the big book. Da mihi prasinum librum. Give me the green book. Da mihi meum librum. Give me my book. Even though I am feminine, the book is masculine, singular, accusative and the adjectives are modifying book.

Possessive Adjectives in Latin Singular owners 1. meus, mea, meum my (own), mine 2. tuus, tua, tuum your (own), yours (belonging to one you) 3. suus, sua, suum his (own), her (own), its (own) Plural owners 1. noster, nostra, nostrum our (own), ours 2. vester, vestra, vestrum your (own), yours (belonging to more than one you) 3. suus, sua, suum their (own), theirs

Possessive adjectives vs. Personal pronouns With 3rd person, it is necessary to distinguish between owners. Example: Sextus loves his mother. Does Sextus love his own mother? OR Does Sextus love Marcus’ mother (Aurelia)? In English it is impossible to tell, but in Latin it is easy! Sextus suam matrem amat. Sextus loves his (own) mother. Use the possessive adjective. Using suus, a, um to modify a noun means whatever noun is (in this case, mother), it belongs to the 3rd person subject. It must be accusative, singular, feminine to agree with matrem. Sextus matrem eius amat. Sextus loves his (someone else’s) mother. Use the personal pronoun as it is taking the place of Marcus’ name.