July-December 1294 Papacy of Celestine V Charles II of Anjou 1294-1303 Papacy of Boniface VIII (Benedict Gaetani)

1295 Philip IV of France (r. 1285-1314) and Edward I of England (r. 1272-1307) seeking to tax clergy 1296 Boniface issues Clericis Laicos 1297 Boniface bows to Philip’s threats 1301 Philip moving against French bishop 1302 Boniface re-asserts Clericis Laicos, issues Unam Sanctam

1303 Boniface excommunicates Philip Sept 7th 1303 Boniface captured at Anagni, rescued but dies soon after 1303-4 Papacy of Benedict XI 1305-14 Papacy of Clement V Avignon

Map Link: Europe in 1360: <http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/ europe_1360.jpg>

1309-77 Seven popes at Avignon 1314 Disputed election in Germany 1316-34 Papacy of John XXII 1317 John declares imperial throne vacant

1328 Louis of Bavaria temporarily occupies Rome 1338 Prince-electors of Germany reject papal authority 1347 End of reign of Louis 1323 John declares doctrine that Christ and apostles never owned anything to be heretical William of Ockham (c. 1285-1349)

Papal Bureaucracy: Pope and cardinals Four departments: 1. Roman Rota: judicial work 2. Chancery: correspondence 3. Papal Penitentiary: dispensations/ pardons 4. Papal Chamber: finance

Supporting papal finances: Sale of indulgences, incl. plenary indulgences, for avoidance of Purgatory System of Papal Provisions

1377 Papacy returns to Rome 1378 Death of Gregory XI (p. 1370-78). Election of Urban VI (p. 1378-89) on April 8th Aug 2nd 1378 Cardinals issue call from Anagni for resignation of pope Sept 20th Cardinals elect Clement VII (p. 1378-94), who returns to Avignon. Start of Great Schism

1409 General council meets at Pisa, deposes both popes, elects Alexander V (p. 1409- 1410). However, other popes refuse to be deposed 1414 Sigismund, King of Germany (r. 1410- 37) forces (Pisan) Pope John XXIII (p. 1410-15) to summon Council of Constance

Conciliarists 1414-17 Council of Constance deposes all three popes, elects Martin V (p. 1417-31) Haec Sancta Frequens 1423 General council at Siena

July 1431 Start of Council of Basle Dec 1431 Eugenius IV (p. 1431-47) attempts to dissolve council 1432 Council re-asserts supremacy over pope 1434 Eugenius forced to give in Hussites 1435 Council effectively abolishes pope’s powers

1438-39 Council of Ferrara/Florence re-affirms powers of pope 1439 Council of Basle elects anti-pope, Felix V (p. 1439-49) 1449 Abdication of Felix V and defeat of conciliar movement

Meister Eckhart (c. 1260-1329) Dominican and mystic Achieving unity with God by forsaking affliction by material things Transcendence of God 1326 on Writings scrutinised for heresy

Margarete Porete of Paris (d. 1310) 1296-1306 Bishop of Cambrai condemns Mirror of Simple (Annihilated) Souls 1310 Margarete burned Rejection of institutional church and its rituals

Julian of Norwich (1343-c. 1419) Age 30 Near-fatal illness and revelations Becomes anchorite in church of St Julian in Norwich Book of Revelations (of Divine Love)

Catherine of Siena (1347-80) Feels called to correct failings of church 1376 Travels to Avignon, urges pope to return to Rome 1377 Pope returns to Rome!

Brethren of the Free Spirit God is in everything and everything reverts to God after death Thus no Hell, Purgatory or sin Some ascetic, but many seeing this as justification for loose behaviour

Beguines and Beghards Start in 13th c. in Low Countries, spread through Germany in 14th c. Living in common, supporting selves through work or begging. Vows of chastity and obedience 1415 Council of Constance gives formal acceptance to Beguines and Beghards

Brethren of the Common Life Founded in Holland by Geert Groote (1340-84) Small groups joining for prayer and charitable work Thomas à Kempis, The Imitation of Christ

John Wycliffe (c. 1330-84) c. 1375 Wycliffe rises to prominence with attacks on: (Wycliffe also teaching Church wealth predestination, importance of Bible Sinful clergy over church teaching) Sacraments (incl. Eucharist)

John Wycliffe (c. 1330-84) 1377 Wycliffe’s teachings condemned by pope 1382 English church council condemns Wycliffe’s teachings Lollards Henry V (r. 1413-22)

Hussitism Late 14th c. Wycliffe’s teachings passing to Bohemia 1403 Archbishop’s office in Prague has teachings examined by university. They are eventually condemned 1412 John Hus (1370-1415) preaches against indulgences, is excommunicated and expelled with supporters from Prague

Hussitism Nov 3rd 1414 Hus arrives at Council of Constance under safe-conduct from Sigismund, King of Germany (r. 1410-37), but is arrested, imprisoned and tried July 6th 1415 Hus burned for heresy

Hussitism Sept 1415 500 Czech nobles reject authority of Council of Constance 1419 Hussite mob seize Prague, massacre town council. Repeated victories against Sigismund follow 1431 Major Hussite victory. Council of Basle negotiates with Hussites 1434 Conservative Hussites and Catholics ally

Hussitism 1434 Alliance defeat radical Hussites 1436 Sigismund recognised by most as King of Bohemia

Witchcraft Trials 14th c. Rise in accusations of and trials for witchcraft incl. devil-worship

John of Paris (c. 1250-1306) Gets M.A., joins Dominicans Teaches philosophy and theology, eventually gets M. Theol. Tractatus de Potestate Regia et Papali (1302-3) Accused of heresy, appeals, but dies before issue resolved

Marsiglio/Marsilius of Padua (c. 1280-c. 1343) Italian political philosopher, canon at the church of Padua Defensor Pacis (btw. 1320 and 1324) 1326 Flees to Louis IV of Bavaria 1327 Condemned as heretic 1327-28 Accompanies Louis to Italy 1328 Coronation of Louis as Emperor