AP World History Unit 4 1450-1750

Trade Existing regional patterns intensified (List examples below)

Rise of Transoceanic Travel/Trade Europeans built on classical, Islamic, and Asian technological knowledge Improved understanding of winds, ocean currents New tools, ship designs * Astrolabe * New Maps * Caravel * Carrack *Fluyt

New Transoceanic reconnaissance (exploration) Portugal developed technology and skills Traded with West Africa Developed trading post empire Spain sponsored voyages of Columbus, others Crossed Atlantic and Pacific oceans Increased European interest in travel, trade

Royal Chartered Companies Facilitated global circulation of goods Monopolies Silver from Americas to purchase Asian goods European merchants transported goods within Asia, Indian Ocean region Regional markets flourished in Afro-Eurasia using: Established commercial practices New transoceanic shipping routes

A Global Economy Commercialization closely connected to global circulation of American silver

Joint-stock Companies Used by European rulers to control domestic, colonial economies Mercantilism European merchants competed against one another in global trade

The Atlantic System Formerly known as (f/k/a) Triangular Trade Movement of goods, wealth, free and unfree laborers Mixing of African, American, European cultures and people

The Columbian Exchange Created by new connections between Eastern, Western hemispheres

Americas to Afro-Eurasia Potatoes, maize, manioc became staple crops grown in Europe, Asia, Africa  Sugar and tobacco became cash crops in Americas Grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor Exported to Europe, Middle East

Spread of disease Smallpox, measles, and influenza decimated Amerindian populations that were not immune Vermin, including mosquitoes and rats, were spread unintentionally

Afro-Eurasia to the Americas Europeans brought fruit trees, grains, sugar to Americas Also domesticated animals (horses, cattle, pigs) African slaves brought other foods (okra, rice)

Benefits to Afro-Eurasia Increased diversity of food crops improved nutrition Populations increased

Effects on Environment Europeans introduced agricultural, settlement practices to Americas Often affected physical environment Deforestation, soil depletion

Religious reform, expansion Increased interactions between hemispheres Intensified connections Created syncretic belief systems, practices

Sufi practices spread Islam by adapting to local culture Rivalry between Ottomans and Safavids made Shi’a/Sunni split worse Christianity spread and diversified Diffusion, reformation Vodun developed in Caribbean (Christianity, African religions) Sikhism developed in South Asia (Hindu, Islam) Buddhism declined in southern, island southeastern Asia but spread in northeastern and mainland southeast Asia

Funding for the arts Increased with profits of merchants, governments Popular audiences got more access to arts Literacy increased

Environmental factors Decrease of temperatures in 14th Century Little Ice Age Lasted until 19th Century Contributed to change in agricultural practices Led to contraction of settlement in N. Hemisphere

Agriculture Traditional peasant agriculture Increased and changed Russian Siberia, cotton textiles in India, silk textiles in China Plantations expanded Demand for labor increased Contributed to cycle of global demand for raw materials and finished products

Slavery Continued in Africa with incorporation of slaves into households Export of slaves to Mediterranean and Indian Ocean Growth of plantations led to demand for slaves in Americas Colonial economies in Americas depended on coerced labor Chattel slavery Indentured servitude Encomienda and hacienda Spanish adaptation of Inca mit’a

Hierarchies restructured New political, economic elites formed Imperial conquests Widening economic opportunity Examples: Manchus (China) Creoles (Spanish America) Gentry (Europe) Urban entrepreneurs (major port cities)

Elites challenged Harder to affect policies of more powerful monarchs Zamindars (Mughal Empire) Nobility (Europe) Daimyo (Japan)

Gender, family restructuring Demographic changes in Africa resulting from slave trade European men depended on Southeast Asian women for conducting trade European family sizes smaller

Rulers consolidate power Used religious ideas, art, monumental architecture to legitimize rule Use of religion Europe – Divine Right Safavid – Shi’ism Mexica/Aztec – Human sacrifice Songhay – Islam Chinese emperors – Confucian rituals

Used religious ideas, art, monumental architecture to legitimize rule (cont.) Use of art and monumental architecture Ottoman – miniature painting Qing – imperial portraits Mughal – mausolea, mosques (Taj Mahal) Europeans – palaces (Versailles)

Treatment of ethnic, religious groups States utilized economic contributions, limited ability to challenge authority Ottoman treatment of non-Muslims Manchu policy toward Chinese Spanish creation of Republica de Indios Spanish, Portuguese racial classifications Mestizo, Mulatto Creole

Centralized control Rulers used bureaucratic elites, professional soldiers to control populations, resources Ottoman Devshirme Chinese examination system Salaried Samurai

Revenue for Expansion Tribute collection Tax farming

Imperial Expansion In both hemispheres, relied on increased use of: Gunpowder Cannons Armed Trade

Trading post empires Europeans established empires in Africa, Asia Profitable for rulers, merchants Affected power of interior West, Central Africa

Land Empires Expanded dramatically Manchu Mughal Ottoman Russian Safavid, Tokugawa

Maritime Empires Established in Americas by European States Portuguese Spanish Dutch French British

Challenges to consolidation, expansion 1/3 Competition over trade routes Omani-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean,  Piracy in the Caribbean 

Challenges to consolidation, expansion 2/3 State rivalries Thirty Years War Ottoman-Safavid conflict

Challenges to consolidation, expansion 3/3 Local resistance food riots, samurai revolts peasant uprisings