Middle Ages Vocabulary WHI.9 The bolded words are what you write.

Places Rome Constantinople Papal States On Italian peninsula; former capital of Roman Empire Constantinople In Eastern Europe; capital of Byzantine Empire Papal States Territory in Italy controlled by the Pope

Places England Spain Byzantine Empire Island in NW Europe; invaded by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes, and Vikings Spain Country on the Iberian peninsula; during the Middle Ages, it was controlled by the Muslims Byzantine Empire The name of the Eastern Roman Empire

Places Aachen Normandy Ireland The home of the 1st European university; in Germany Normandy Northern coast of France; home of the Normans who invaded England in 1066 Ireland Island in NW Europe; home of the Celts; converted to Christianity by St. Patrick

Places Iceland Scandinavia Not made of ice; Island in the North Atlantic; stopover for Viking explorers Scandinavia Northern Europe; home to the Vikings

People or Groups Patrick (Saint) Clovis Benedict (Saint) Born in England; slave of the Irish; escaped; taught Irish Christianity Clovis Frankish king who united all of what would become France Benedict (Saint) Created an order of monks

People or Groups Scholastica (Saint) Gregory I (Pope) Carolingian Founder of the women’s branch of Benedictine monasticism Gregory I (Pope) Sent missionaries to convert the Anglo-Saxons of England Carolingian A dynasty of Frankish kings; most famous was Charlamange

People or Groups Merovingian Franks Charles Martel A dynasty of Frankish kings began by Clovis Franks A group of people who lived in Northern France who came to unite France into one kingdom Charles Martel Military leader who stopped the advancement of the Islamic Empire at the Battle of Tours

People or Groups Pepin the Short Charlemagne Vikings First Carolingian king of Franks; gave the Pope the Papal States Charlemagne First Holy Roman Emperor; king of Franks Vikings A group of people from Scandinavia who invaded many places in Europe

People or Groups Erik the Red Leif Ericson Discovered Greenland Son of Erik the Red; first European to land in North America well before Columbus

Other Key Terms Medieval Period/Dark Ages Monastery Abbot Terms often used to describe the Middle Ages Medieval is Latin for Middle Ages Monastery A building or set of buildings which are the home of monks or nuns Abbot The head of a monastery called an abbey

Other Key Terms Monk Christendom A man who has devoted his life to God who lives in solitude Female equivalent is a nun Christendom The term used to denote all areas controlled by Christian rulers

Other Key Terms Knight Count Missi Dominici An honorary title granted to warriors; had a strict code of chivalry Count A title granted to a feudal lord Missi Dominici People sent by the Holy Roman Emperor to control the Empire

Other Key Terms The Treaty of Verdun Feudalism Lord Divided Charlemagne’s empire amongst his sons Feudalism A system in which people are granted tracts of land in exchange for loyalty to a king or lord Lord Someone who has been granted land in exchange for loyalty to a king or another lord

Other Key Terms Manor Vassal Investiture The house which is granted to a lord; is farmed and kept by the serfs Vassal A person who has the loyalty of others below him Investiture The process by which you are granted a title by the King or Emperor

Other Key Terms Fief Serf Clergy Land given to vassals in exchange for loyalty Serf The name for the peasant class who work in the fields of the manor Clergy The name of those who are priests or leaders of the Church

Europe After the Fall of Rome WHI.9a&c

The Fall of Rome The Western Roman Empire fell because invaders from the North attacked and destroyed Rome. They did this because the Empire was getting too large and taking over their lands After the fall of Rome, the people became so divided that Europe would not be “united” peacefully again until 1950’s Creation of the European Union

The Church After Rome fell, the only thing uniting the people was their faith. The Church became a strong force in the communities The Pope was more powerful than all the kings of Europe Church property was not taxed, but people paid taxes to the Church The church leaders were the some of the only literate people in Europe

The Church Saint Benedict and Saint Scholastica created monasteries for people to devote themselves to God Also, kings would often send children there to make them disappear.

The Church Monks and nuns would also preserve some important Roman knowledge by writing them down continually. Specifically the Bible

The Church Pope Gregory I sent missionaries to England to convert the Anglo-Saxon people.

The Church Saint Patrick converted the Irish to Christianity This happened because he had a dream to return to Ireland after being a slave most of his childhood years

The Franks One group of people in Europe at this time were the Franks. They were a Germanic tribe who invaded and settled in Gaul, or ancient France. One of their leaders, Clovis, united all of the former Gaul into his kingdom. This is the reason we call the country France instead of Gaul.

The Franks Clovis founded a dynasty known as the Merovingians A dynasty is a group of leaders from the same family The Merovingians soon gave way for the Carolingian Dynasty So named because the head was Charles Martel Charles Martel was a great military leader He was never “king,” but his son became king after his death

Charles Martel and the Battle of Tours The Islamic Empire was growing rapidly through North Africa and even took over all of Spain. The Muslims began to invade France. At one battle, the Battle of Tours, Charles Martel successfully ended the Muslim takeover of Christian Europe in 721. The Muslims would not be pushed out of Spain until 1492.

Pepin the Short After his father’s death, Pepin took over as King of the Franks. His greatest achievement is conquering areas of Italy and giving the land to the Pope. This area became known as the Papal States The last remaining Papal State, by definition, is the Vatican City-State

Charles the Great Pepin’s son, Charles, became more famous than his father and grandfather. Earned the name Charles the Great or Charlemagne Under his leadership, all of France and Germany were united. On December 25, 800, Charlemagne was proclaimed Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III.

Map of Charlemagne’s Empire

After Charlemagne After Charlemagne’s death in 814, the Empire stayed united until 843. In that year, Charlemagne’s grandsons fought over who should take over as emperor. The three settled their disagreement with the Treaty of Verdun. This divided the empire into three separate kingdoms.

Age of Learning Charlemagne built a city in what is today Germany called Aachen. There, he built the first European universities Unlike those of the Islamic Empire, these universities were strictly religious in nature.

Age of Invasions (800-1000) WHI.9d

European Invaders Many invaders came and affected the life of Europeans. Some came from other parts of Europe The Vikings came from Scandinavia The Angles and Saxons came from Germany

The Angles and the Saxons These people were originally from Germany They invaded England when the Romans left in 400 Even our modern name England comes from “land of the Angles”

The Anglo-Saxon People The Anglo-Saxons came and displaced the “Roman” Britons. They also brought over their language, which is an ancestor language to our English.

Examples of Anglo-Saxon Words

The Magyars These people were possibly from Western Russia and the Ural Mountains They entered Europe around the late 800’s, and settled in Eastern Europe. They are the ancestors of the modern Hungarians In fact, the Hungarians still call their country the Magyar Republic.

Account of an Attack Lo, it is nearly 350 years that we and our fathers have inhabited this most lovely land, and never before has such terror appeared in Britain as we have now suffered from a pagan race, nor was it thought that such an inroad from the sea could be made. Behold the church of St. Cuthbert spattered with the blood of the priests of God, despoiled of all its ornaments; a place more venerable than all in Britain is given as a prey to pagan peoples. [. . .] What should be expected for other places, when the divine judgment has not spared this holy place? (Loyn, 55-6)

The Vikings The Vikings came from Scandinavia Region consisting of Norway and Sweden They invaded and plundered the rest of Europe because their soil wasn’t fertile enough to grow crops

The Vikings The Vikings were very good sailors Their longships could even make it across the Atlantic to Greenland

The Vikings Erik the Red and his son, Leif Ericson, were the two most famous Erik the Red discovered Greenland in 983 Leif could have been the first European to land in North America (on the island of Newfoundland)

The Vikings The Vikings were also given land in northern France called Normandy In 1066, William, then the ruler of Normandy, invaded England because he felt he should have been their king. This is why we have many Latin-based words in our English language.

European Feudalism WHI.9b

European Feudalism In the European feudal system, kings would award land to his most important nobles in return for soldiers and loyalty. These land grants were known as fiefs.

Fiefs The fiefs were not just the land. They came with: A manor or large mansion house. The serfs that worked the land. The village.

The Hierarchy Although there are levels in European Feudalism, these levels aren’t set in stone like the Indian Caste System. The ranks are king, clergy and nobles, knights, then peasants.

Lords A lord is someone who receives a fief from the king. They then become a vassal to the king. They provide income and soldiers to the king. This is known as aid. They also protected the serfs and peasants within their fief.

Knights Knights received land in exchange for fighting. Started training as a paige at age 7 or 8. Became a squire at age 13 or 14. This is like an apprentice or helper Knighthood was granted at age 18. Lived by a code of chivalry.

Peasants and Serfs Served the lord on the manor while living in the manor’s village. The lord allowed peasants and serfs to live on the land in exchange for food and services. Gave most of the crops to the lord. They couldn’t leave the lord without his consent.

Investiture When a vassal pledges loyalty to the king, they are invested with or given a title. The intended vassal kneels before the king, and the king names the vassal lord of the manor.