1. Conditions in the Solar System Would Radiation Deter Space Exploration Nicholas Sion Intercan Technologies 140 Erskine Ave. suite 1702, Toronto. ON. Canada e-mail sion@sympatico.ca 1. Conditions in the Solar System What we can explore Nearby Planets, our Moon, and moons of other planets, perhaps asteroids. More likely planet Mars in the near future. Effective Doses and % Risk of Death From Fatal Cancer Exploration Mission Absorbed Dose Gy Effective Dose Sv Fatal Risk % 95% CI MALES [40 years] Lunar (180 days) 0.06 0.17 0.68 0.20, 2.4 Mars Swing-by (600 days) 0.37 1.03 4.0 1.0, 13.5 Mars Exploration (1000 days) 0.42 1.07 4.2 1.3, 13.6 FEMALES [40 years] 0.82 0.24, 3.0 4.9 1.4, 16.2 5.1 1.6, 16.4 Lancet Oncology. 2006 May 3- The Hazards Risk Radiation On route to Mars 1.80 mSv/d On Mars surface 0.67 mSv/d On the Moon 1.04 mSv/d Within ISS 0.12 – 0.288 mSv/d On Earth 2.76 µSv/d + Bone Loss %/Month Lumbar Spine 1.1 Femur Neck 1.2 Trochanter 1.6 Pelvis 1.4 Legs 0.3 Whole Body 0.4 Calcium Changes mg/day Spaceflight -250 Post-flight 100 Source: Helen W. Lane NASA, Johnston Space Centre Psychological Effects Explorers housed in separate rooms + common area + full amenities Microgravity produces + MIT BioSuit™ , heat shrunk to body, with tiny memory coils for pressurisation Z1 & Z2 body hugging Spacesuits for Mars Nano Matrix of Boron & Nitrogen Tubes RXF1 Shielding 4- Countermeasures   New shielding Materials ORION 5 - Faster propulsion VASIMR ion thruster The Nautilus-X for long term exploration Orion module for 4 astronauts for 6m to Mars perhaps 6- Conclusions Radiation: still the major concern, feasible on short visits, under 6 months, but not for long duration settlement on the Moon or planets. Propulsion systems to reduce travel time yet to be developed. Enhancing the immune system is still illusive and is futuristic. Next? InSight Explorer New S Launch Date May 2018