Find your temporary finals seat and grab your textbook! Desk Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row 4 Row 5 Row 6 1 Aireana Jake Zoe Amir Vanessa Joshua 2 Lorelei Gabby Travis Vincent Ethan Cate 3 Rosie Dylan Gigi Casey Maancy Rainee 4 Rachel Nathan Jason Trevor Trey Lily

BW 12/12: U.S. Homefront (149-152) Define the Selective Service Act. How did the U.S. government finance the war? Include new agencies created! How did WWI influence the role and status of women? WWI created growing opposition about the war in general, conscription and Wilson’s presidency. Describe two political effects of this growing opposition. THINKER: Make a prediction  Why would other countries in the Americas get involved in WWI? How did their relationship with the U.S. impact their involvement?

Review: Events leading to U.S. Declaration of War Wilson declared war on April 2, 1917. “American ships have been sunk, American lives taken. Property can be paid for; the lives of peaceful and innocent people can not be. I have exactly the same things in mind now that I had in mind when I addressed the Senate on the 22nd of January; our object now, as then, is to vindicate the principles of peace and justice. Neutrality is no longer feasible or desirable where the peace of the world is involved as well as the freedom of its people.”

WWI in the Americas Make a prediction  Why would other countries in the Americas get involved in WWI? How did their relationship with the U.S. impact their involvement? Using a “case study approach,” you will study WWI involvement for the following countries: United States Canada Brazil

Involvement in the Americas Bolivia: Severed relations with Germany - April 13, 1917 Brazil: Severed relations with Germany - April 11, 1917 & Declared war on Germany - Oct 26, 1917 Canada: Automatically involved when Britain declared war – August 4, 1914 Costa Rica: Severed relations with Germany - Sept 21, 1917 & Declared war on Germany - May 23, 1918 Cuba: Declared war on Germany - April 7, 1917 Ecuador: Severed relations with Germany - Dec 8, 1917 Guatemala: Declared war on Germany - April 23, 1918 Haiti: Declared war on Germany - July 12, 1918 Honduras: Declared war on Germany - July 19, 1918 Nicaragua: Declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary - May 8, 1918 Panama: Declared war on Germany - April 7, 1917 & Declared war on Austria-Hungary - Dec 10, 1917 Peru: Severed relations with Germany - Oct 6, 1917 United States: Declared war April 2, 1917 Uruguay: Severed relations with Germany - Oct 7, 1917

ALLIED POWERS CENTRAL POWERS NEUTRAL COUNTRIES

HOMEWORK – WWI in the Americas: due Wednesday! U.S. Homefront  pgs. 144-152 Canadian Involvement  pages 160-172 These are your notes – make sure you read for understanding and summarize the main concepts!

BELLWORK: 12/14 How did Canada’s relationship to Great Britain impact their involvement in WWI? How did each of the Canadian Prime Ministers (Laurier vs Borden) view WWI? How did Sam Hughes contribute to Canadian mobilization? How did Britain rely on Canada during WWI? How was this reliance demonstrated in the Imperial War Conference? Why did Borden pass the Military Service Act of 1917? THINKER: How did WWI change Canada’s relationship with England, as well as, the U.S.?

Canada pre-WWI How did Canada’s relationship to Great Britain impact their involvement in WWI? As a Dominion of the British Empire, the British government controlled Canada’s foreign policies Gained independence in domestic issues in 1867 (British NA Act) In 1912, the Canadian military was integrated into British defense plans. At the outbreak of WWI, Canada had a standing military of 3,100 men & the navy consisted of two warships.

How did each of the Canadian Prime Ministers view WWI? PM Laurier (1896-1911) PM Borden (1911-1920)

Declaration of War Britain declared war on August 4, 1914 This British declaration of war automatically brought Canada into the conflict "It is our duty to let Great Britain know and to let the friends and foes of Great Britain know that there is in Canada but one mind and one heart and that all Canadians are behind the Mother Country” (Wilfred Laurier)

Preparation for War Initial commitment was 25,000 men Equipped & delivered to Europe at Canada’s expense…..$50 million To facilitate this mobilization, the government passed the War Measures Act. Fed.Gov. had the right to govern in times of “war, invasion or insurrection.”

Preparation for War How did Sam Hughes contribute to Canadian mobilization? Mobilization effort was dominated by Sam Hughes Assembled, trained, equipped men for battle (100,000 by mid-1915 & reserves in England) Organizations (YMCA & Canadian Patriotic Fund) raised money for troops, food, uniforms, weapons

Canada’s Role in WWI How did Britain rely on Canada during WWI? How was this reliance demonstrated in the Imperial War Conference? Providing troops to the allies on Western Front Supplier of primary resources Wheat Lumber Meat Minerals Ammunition production Imperial War Conference (Jan. 1917): Britain expected more from dominions, but they wanted a change in political status

HMCS Niobe stops a liner for contraband inspection off the American coast, 1914.

Why did Borden pass the Military Service Act of 1917?

Anti-War demonstration in Montreal; 1917

Payment for War Canada was already in debt & an economic depression prior to WWI Had to borrow money…..not from England…..who? Increased taxes (new items & income) Emerged from WWI with a debt around $5 billion How did WWI change Canada’s relationship with England, as well as, the U.S.?

Review: Canadian Involvement in WWI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYmsRaT6L1Y

Brazilian Involvement in WWI

Involvement in the Americas Bolivia: Severed relations with Germany - April 13, 1917 Brazil: Severed relations with Germany - April 11, 1917 & Declared war on Germany - Oct 26, 1917 Canada: Automatically involved when Britain declared war – August 4, 1914 Costa Rica: Severed relations with Germany - Sept 21, 1917 & Declared war on Germany - May 23, 1918 Cuba: Declared war on Germany - April 7, 1917 Ecuador: Severed relations with Germany - Dec 8, 1917 Guatemala: Declared war on Germany - April 23, 1918 Haiti: Declared war on Germany - July 12, 1918 Honduras: Declared war on Germany - July 19, 1918 Nicaragua: Declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary - May 8, 1918 Panama: Declared war on Germany - April 7, 1917 & Declared war on Austria-Hungary - Dec 10, 1917 Peru: Severed relations with Germany - Oct 6, 1917 United States: Declared war April 2, 1917 Uruguay: Severed relations with Germany - Oct 7, 1917

ALLIED POWERS CENTRAL POWERS NEUTRAL COUNTRIES

Latin American Involvement in WWI Reasons for Involvement: WWI disrupted markets for L.A. goods and made it difficult to import necessary manufactured products Threat of submarine warfare As a result, economy shifted from agriculture to manufacturing in order to produce these necessary goods Declines in price levels of Latin America’s exports encouraged a further growth in manufacturing Encouraged by U.S. Although manufacturing increased, industrialization was almost completely limited to light consumer good industries High poverty remained Impact of Involvement: The U.S. will emerge from WWI as the world’s principal industrial and financial power, and replaced England as the major source of foreign investments in Latin America Continuing the “big stick” and “dollar diplomacy” policies of their predecessors, Democratic and Republican administrations used armed intervention and economic pressure to expand U.S. control over the Caribbean area. By the end of the period, there was deep Latin American resentment of these strong-arm tactics Countries push for total economic and political independence

Economic Troubles Brazil initially adopted a neutral position in an attempt to maintain the markets for its export products, mainly coffee & latex These products were not considered essential by foreign consumers, customs duties and export fees (the main source of government income) so they decreased as the conflict continued. The problem increased with the German blockade of Allied ports, and then by a British ban on the importation of coffee in 1917. The British government now considered the cargo space on ships necessary for more vital goods, given the great losses of merchant ships as a result of German attacks.

From Neutrality to War Relations between Brazil and the German Empire worsened when Germany announced their unrestricted submarine campaign Rio Branco sunk! On April 5, 1917, the large Brazilian steamship Paraná (4,466 tons) was torpedoed and sunk The ship was carrying coffee and traveled in accordance with the demands made on neutral countries Three Brazilians were killed.

Protests When news of the sinking broke out in Brazil, protests erupted The protesters attacked shops and properties owned by Germans or their descendants For example, the Hotel Schmidt (left), the Germany Society, the German newspaper (Deutsche Zeitung), the German school (Gesellschaft Germania) and German restaurants, houses, clubs and factories were all raided, looted and burned. Protests also broke out from the anti-war side - unionists, pacifists, and anarchists

Diplomatic Consequences April 11, 1917 Brazil broke diplomatic relations with Germany May 20, 1917 the ship Tijuca was torpedoed near the French coast by a German submarine. In the following months, the Brazilian government seized 42 German merchant ships that were in Brazilian ports. July 27, 1917 the steamer Lapa Brazil was hit by three torpedoes from a German submarine. October 23, 1917 the Brazilian freighter Macau, one of the vessels seized in the course of the war, was torpedoed by the German submarine U-93 near the coast of Spain, and the captain taken prisoner.

Brazilian Involvement in WWI October 26, 1917: the Brazilian President Venceslau Bras declared war against Germany The only Latin American country to be directly involved in the war The major participation was the Navy's patrol of areas of the Atlantic Ocean Land operations limited to sergeants and officers who fought under Allied units (mainly French) in order to train them in modern techniques.

President Bras signing Brazil’s declaration of war (also pictured: Minister of External Affairs Nilo Pecanha and the governor of the Brazilian state Minas Gerias Delfim Moreira)

Brazilian Navy The Secretary of Navy ordered the use of the naval fleet in an anti-submarine campaign Ministerial Notice No. 501 (30 Jan 1918) established the Naval Division for War Operations (Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra - DNOG), composed of units drawn from the fleets that formed the Navy in Brazil. The dreadnoughts Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo, and two scout cruisers, Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul were some of the major warships of the DNOG

Post-WWI Brazil Brazil participated in the Versailles Peace Conference One of the founding members of the League of Nations Treaty allowed Brazil to keep 70 seized ships Financially compensated by Germany for lost coffee shipments Caused Brazil to move away from dependency on agriculture and develop industry

ALLIED POWERS CENTRAL POWERS NEUTRAL COUNTRIES

Term Cards tonight! DO IT! Be able to compare/contrast U.S. vs Canadian vs Brazilian involvement!