Imperialistic rivalries- fight over colonies System of alliances Economic rivalries Imperialistic rivalries- fight over colonies System of alliances Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Triple Entente- France, Russia, Great Britain Arms race Britain- the Dreadnought Germany- naval buildup France- military spending

Inflexibility in war plans- Schlieffen Plan Political weakness of Austro-Hungarian Empire Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 Rise of Pan-Slavism supported by Russia Brinkmanship diplomacy

Franco-Prussian War (18701)- loss of Alsace and Lorraine and revanche Germany’s fear of encirclement Mobilization Reliance on reserves Fear Cost

Inflexibility in war plans- Schlieffen Plan Political weakness of Austro-Hungarian Empire Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 Rise of Pan-Slavism supported by Russia Brinkmanship diplomacy

Archduke Ferdinand and Family The Black Hand Pan-Slavism Archduke Ferdinand- heir to the throne Serbian Secret Police support Archduke Ferdinand and Family

The Archduke Ferdinand and wife visit Sarajevo

Austria- demands justice from Serbia Serbia rejects demands Austria mobilizes for war Russia mobilizes for war Germany and France mobilize for war Germany initiates Schlieffen Plan Britain chooses to join France based on “neutral” Belgium claim

Kaiser Wilhelm II King George V Tsar Nicholas II

Schlieffen Plan Fix French army on border Attack France through neutral Belgium Defeat France before Russian mobilization Confront Russia

Post WWI Mandates Mandates- A fter World War I ended in 1918, certain colonies and territories were taken from the defeated nations and placed under the administration of one or more of the victorious nations. These areas were called mandated territories. The League of Nations, a forerunner of the United Nations (UN), supervised the governing countries in the administration of the territories. The League expected the governing countries to improve living conditions in the territories, and to prepare the people for self government. Britain received mandates for Mesopotamia (later renamed Iraq); Tanganyika (now part of Tanzania); and Palestine. Palestine was later divided into Palestine and Transjordan (later renamed Jordan). France received Syria, which was later divided into Syria and Lebanon. Both Britain and France were given parts of the Cameroons and Togoland. Belgium received Ruanda-Urundi. Japan was given German islands in the North Pacific Ocean. Australia received German islands in the South Pacific, including the northeastern section of New Guinea and Nauru. New Zealand received Western Samoa, and the Union of South Africa (now called South Africa) got German Southwest Africa (now called Namibia). The mandate system ended in 1947. By that time, several mandated territories, including Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan, had become independent countries. The remaining territories, except Namibia, were placed under the stronger United Nations trusteeship system. The same countries continued to administer the territories, but they were under the control of the UN. Namibia became independent in 1990

WW 1 Secret Treaties: Sykes-Picot Agreement [1916]

British Palestine Mandate in 1923

The Middle East in the 1920s

German Pacific Colonies [1914]

League of Nations Mandates in Africa

New Nations &Territories After WW I

The Post-WWI World

The End of WWI – End of Death? War ends November 1918 Casualties disrupt European societies- France & Serbia 10% Spanish Flu pandemic 1918-1919 killed 20-40 million (more than Black Death) US had over 600,000 dead, India 12.5 million Flu most deadly ages 20-40 Why did flu spread so rapidly?

The End of WWI Russia embroiled in brutal civil war between Bolsheviks (Reds) and anti-Bolsheviks (Whites) Britain, France, US, and Japan send troops to Russia – mixed motives

Results of Treaty Billions in reparations Occupation of Rhineland Occupation of Industrial areas Germany - Weimar Republic New European states carved out of Germany, Russia, and Austro-Hungarian Empire

Post-War Europe Wilson’s failure – League of Nations US Senate does not ratify Treaty Wilson suffers stroke- power? Italy- Libya and Ethiopia Japan- Manchuria Differences with UN?

Asia Japan gains Germany’s Asian colonies German Samoa taken by Australia/NZ China declared war on Germany in 1917- gains nothing Japan demands more from China- Nationalist Chinese making gains Ho Chi Minh seeks Vietnamese independence Self-determination only for Europe?

The Middle East The Ottoman Empire disintegrated- New Turkish state 1923 Arabs helped Allies in return for promises of independence- monarchies of Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Iran created by Britain Remaining Ottoman lands divided between Britain and France Balfour declaration (1917) gives support for a Jewish state

India (South Asia) Indian troops saw action on side of allies in Africa, Middle East, and the Western Front Hoped wartime participation would lead to self-government British refusal to give up India led to rise of Indian nationalists (Gandhi)

Africa Change of ownership of colonies Service of colonial troops in WWI leads to demands for freedom Rise of nationalist groups

The Great Depression – Laying the Groundwork (1920s) War-induced inflation Overproduction = lower prices Colonial overproduction = decreased demand for manufactured goods Protectionism: tariffs, closed markets

The Great Depression – Stock Market Crash October 1929- NY stock market crashed European loans called in US & European banks fail Investment funds dry up Industrial production falls accompanied by unemployment and lower wages

The Great Depression – World Impact Russia: Communist Russia protected from depression due to isolation from world Rapid, forced industrial growth (5 Year Plans)

The Great Depression – World Impact Latin America: Decline in exports caused high unemployment Stimulated greater government direction of economies

The Great Depression – World Impact Japan: Dependent on exports to pay for raw materials Severe unemployment (3 million) Value of exports drop 50 percent Depression increased suspicion of the West and spurred expansion into Asia to secure additional markets

Americas Europe Africa Asia Middle East United States congress does not agrees to join League of nations Depression hits Latin American cash crops fall in price Spread of socialist and communist ideas Fear of future wars Mexican revolution part II for peasant land redistribution Roosevelt corollary continues Versailles treaty leaves out Central powers. France and Great Britain wishes to punish Germany. Europe suffers from Great depression because of War costs. Russia signs omitted because of Communist Revolution 1917. Ottoman and Austria-Hungary divided into new territories (self-determination) “lost generation” leads to fear of future wars Rise of totalitarian dictators (Hitler, Stalin, Mussolini, Franco) Many promised independence if they fought for their colonizers (did not get it) . Taught them how to kill “white people” Inspired nationalist sentiment which would eventually lead to decolonization after WWII Many given mandate or protectorate status after war Many were at the Versailles conference but received nothing Colonization will continue India and Viet Nam would gain nationalist ambitions but would not see independence until after the second war. Japan recognized as a player which would eventually cede territories in the South Pacific which once belonged to Germany. Inspires imperialist ambitions. China disregarded and created civil chaos and May fourth movement (unintended) to inspire students to fight for more rights (like the 1989 Tiananmen square protests) Saudi Arabia the only independent nation from the Ottoman Empire which gains popular sovereignty Most become British or French Mandates (technically still under their control) because of oils in region Turkey gains independence as a secular state Balfour Declaration (British promise of an independent Jewish homeland) fuels Zionism (not realized until 1948) Sykes-Picot agreement (secret agreement between France and Great Britain to create an independent Palestine) unfulfilled but continued Pan-Arab nationalism

Comparing Impacts of Post WWI on Areas outside of Europe After WWI both the Middle East and South Asia struggled with nationalists endeavors and the need for self-determination and gaining headway in various legislative bodies (Saudi independence and Indian National Congress), both would struggle as British powers would send troops to protect their interests often with dire consequences (Amritsar massacre,Palestinain Israeli conflict) however, the civil disobedience movement led by Mohandas Gandhi would see an independent India by 1947 while oil revenues would see “Western” intests remain for the next half century. In Africa and Latin America after world war one, nationalists uprisings to ward off “western” hegemony would continue as the war exposed vulnerabilities of the West, both would suffer economic catastrophe as the worldwide depression would see the cash crop exports decline. Latin America, however, was not directly involved so American economic imperialism would continue while the African aim of understanding how to kill “white” people would propel their desire for self determination through the next century. In East Asia and the Americas, two noteworthy powers would gain influence at the Peace negotiations in Versaisselle influencing colonial acquisition (Japan received all Germany’s Pacific colonies) and U.S would have Wilson’s 14 points advocated, both would continue industrialization and imperialization, however Japan would see less die in the Spanish influenza while the U.S would lose nearly 600,000 due to involvement in the war.