World War I

American Neutrality Germany blockaded Britain with a fleet of submarines (U-boats) America Objected to the expansion of the war zone May 7, 1915 German U-boat sinks the Lusitania killing 1,198 (128 Americans). United States & Germany negotiate 1917 British make America aware of the Zimmerman Note A promise to expand Mexican territory if Mexico invaded the United States. Americans are outraged War is declared April 1917.

The Draft Selective Service Act (1917) Established a draft & required all able-bodied men b/n 21 & 30 to register. Later expanded to b/n 18 & 45. Espionage Act of 1917 & the Sedition Act of 1918 Banned public criticism of governmental policy during the war. More than 1000 people convicted under these acts.

Schenck v. United States (1919) Charles Schenck, secretary of the Socialist Party, printed & distributed pamphlets that discouraged young men not to register for the draft. This violated the Espionage Act. Schenck was convicted & jailed. Appealed to the Supreme Court Ruled Schenck’s actions were a “clear & present danger” to the security of the United States.

Court’s Opinion "when a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right." The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic. [...] The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent

Regents Question The "clear and present danger" ruling of the Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States illustrates the continuing conflict between the use of search warrants and the rights of the accused free speech and governmental authority state powers and Federal powers religious freedom and separation of church and state

The "clear and present danger" ruling of the Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States illustrates the continuing conflict between free speech and governmental authority

Lenin promised “peace, land, and bread.”

Russian Revolution November 1917, Vladimir Lenin & the Bolshevik Party overthrew government. New communist party negotiated with Germany & withdrew from the war. Side Note: Born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov on April 22, 1870, he took on the pseudonym of "Lenin" in 1901 following his Siberian exile for attempting to publish an illegal newspaper called *The Workers Cause*. The pseudonym of Lenin which he chose for himself was fashioned from the name of the river Lena in Siberia.

Red Scare American fear of communism 1918-1919 Led to the Palmer Raids after WWI in which people were searched without warrants

Regents Question Which factors were the major causes of the Red Scare and the Palmer Raids, which followed World War I? success of the Communist Party in congressional and Presidential elections race riots in Los Angeles and the revival of the Ku Klux Klan failure of the United States to join the League of Nations and the unpaid German war debts the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 in Russia and workers’ strikes in the United States

Which factors were the major causes of the Red Scare and the Palmer Raids, which followed World War I? the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 in Russia and workers’ strikes in the United States

The Fourteen Points President Wilson delivered a speech to Congress laying out the aims for which he considered the U.S. fighting. Among them: Freedom of the seas Open diplomacy Free trade Self-determination for subject nationalities. Advocated a League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles Germany was severely punished. Accepted full responsibility for the War. Pay 33 billion in reparations for the entire cost of the war. Accept foreign troop presence for 15 years. Cede some of its territory Abandon its colonies overseas. Divided former Ottoman Empire Established the League of Nations Wilson is unable to persuade the Senate to ratify the treaty. The U.S. never joins the League of Nations. Congress declares the war over by passing a joint resolution in 1920.

Europe1914 vs. 1919

Regents Question The Fourteen Points and the Atlantic Charter were both statements of post-war goals for establishing world peace plans of victorious nations to divide conquered territories military strategies for defeating enemy nations agreements between nations to eliminate further development of weapons

The Fourteen Points and the Atlantic Charter were both statements of post-war goals for establishing world peace