Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind and Behavior 3e Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. Ernst PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, © 2012

Applications of Psychological Science Domain

Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Psychological Therapies Module 33 Psychological Therapies

Module Overview Psychoanalysis Humanistic Therapies Behavior Therapies Cognitive Therapies Family and Group Therapies Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Psychotherapy An interaction between a trained therapist and someone who is seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. There are over 250 different types of therapy.

Four Major Types of Psychotherapy Most therapies can be divided into: Psychoanalytic Humanistic Behavioral Cognitive

Eclectic Approach An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the person’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy. Uses whichever therapy works best for the problem the person has

Psychoanalysis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QV6DpJKW6a0 Module 33: Psychological Therapies

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Founder of psychoanalysis, a controversial theory about the workings of the unconscious mind.

Psychoanalysis Freud’s theory of personality; also, a therapeutic technique that attempts to provide insight into thoughts and actions by exposing and interpreting the underlying unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud and Psychoanalysis (30 mins)

Psychoanalysis: Psychoanalytic Assumptions Module 33: Psychological Therapies

Psychoanalysis Assumptions Psychological problems are the result of repressed conflicts and impulses from childhood.

Psychoanalysis Assumptions The therapist must bring the repressed problems into the conscious mind to help patients have an insight about the original cause of the problem.

Psychoanalysis: Psychoanalytic Methods Module 33: Psychological Therapies

Free Association Freudian technique of discovering the unconscious mind--where the patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Resistance In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.

Interpretation In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s noting of ideas of the meaning behind dreams, resistances, and other significant behaviors to promote insight. The analyst’s ideas of the meaning behind the patient’s dreams (latent content), resistance, and other behaviors

Transference In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer of strong emotions (such as love or hatred) linked with other relationships to the analyst. The patient projects feeling from the past to the therapist.

Problems with Psychoanalysis Can important memories be repressed? Psychoanalysis takes a long time and is very costly Psychoanalysis does not allow for differing interpretations.

Who would be a good candidate for psychoanalysis? The following personality traits are crucial in determining whether psychoanalysis will be successful: 1. Motivation: strong internal motivation because it could take several times a week for several years 2. Capacity to form interpersonal relationships: must be able to form, maintain but untimately detach from an intimate trusting relationship 3. Capacity for introspection and insight: requires natural curiosity about oneself and self-scrutiny 4. Ego Strength: the person must be able to accept the “rules” of psychoanalysis and be open to painful facts and interpretations about him or herself. Are you?

Psychoanalysis: The Psychodynamic Perspective Module 33: Psychological Therapies

Psychoanalytic Influence Few therapists follow strict Freudian therapy. Heavily influenced other types of therapy (interpersonal therapy) Modern approach is the psychodynamic perspective

Psychodynamic Approach A more modern view that retains some aspects of Freudian theory but rejects other aspects Retains the importance of the unconscious mind Less emphasis on unresolved childhood conflicts

Module 33: Psychological Therapies Humanistic Therapies Module 33: Psychological Therapies

Nondirective Therapy Therapist listens without interpreting and does not direct the client (patient) to any particular insight.

Carl Rogers (1902-1987) Humanistic psychologist who developed client-centered therapy and stressed the importance of acceptance, genuineness, and empathy in fostering human growth.

Client-Centered Therapy A humanist therapy, developed by Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate the client’s growth. The therapy stresses: Empathy Acceptance Genuineness Rogers in Ten Minutes

Active Listening Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates and clarifies. Activity 32.7 (Self-concealment Scale)

Active Listening Characteristics Active listening entails: Echoing/Reflecting feelings: mirrors the feelings of the client Restating/Paraphrasing: uses the words of the client to summarize the conversation Clarifying: encouraging the client to say more by asking leading questions Carl meets Gloria

Module 33: Psychological Therapies Behavior Therapies Module 33: Psychological Therapies

Behavior Therapy Dr. Neal Houston Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. Uses both classical and operant conditioning Primary concern is to eliminate the disorder’s behavior, not find the cause of the disorder

Behavior Therapy Primary concern is to eliminate the disorder’s behavior, not find the cause of the disorder

Behavior Therapies: Classical Conditioning Techniques Module 33: Psychological Therapies

Counterconditioning A behavior therapy technique that teachers us to associate new responses to places or thing that have in the past triggered unwanted behaviors. Systematic and aversive conditioning

Systematic Desensitization A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing, anxiety-triggering stimuli. Usually used to treat phobias

Systematic Desensitization Process Establish a hierarchy of the anxiety- triggering stimuli Learning relaxation methods (progressive relaxation) Slowly think through the hierarchy, working to relax whenever anxiety is felt Demonstrate this process

Systematic Desensitization

Systematic Desensitization

Systematic Desensitization

Systematic Desensitization

Systematic Desensitization

Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy A newer option An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking. The best way to get over fear (4 min) virtual reality exposure therapy (6 min) Using humor in Systematic Desensitization Group assignment: systematic desensitization

Aversive Conditioning A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol). The person is replacing a positive but harmful response with a negative response Example with alcoholism: Lace a drink with a drug that makes the person becomes sick

Aversive Conditioning

Aversive Conditioning

Aversive Conditioning

Module 33: Psychological Therapies Behavior Therapies: Operant Conditioning Techniques Penney Loves Chocolate! Module 33: Psychological Therapies

Token Economy An operant conditioning procedure that attempts to modify behavior by rewarding desired behavior with some small item. The tokens can be exchanged for various privileges or treats Form of secondary reinforcement Activity 32.12: Asserting Assertiveness

Module 33: Psychological Therapies Cognitive Therapies Module 33: Psychological Therapies

Cognitive Therapy Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting. Based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Cognitive Therapy Almost half of all therapist at a university setting use cognitive therapies

The best psychological therapy for depression appears to be congnitively based. Why? Read text page 600. Be able to answer this with examples Activity 32.13: Frequency of Self-reinforcement

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive Therapy

Cognitive Therapy

Self-Serving Bias Tendency to judge oneself favorably Severely depressed patients tend to not have a self-serving bias and tend to blame themselves for problems and credit the environment for successes Optimistic explanatory style How is pessimistic thinking different from optimistic thinking? Activity 32.13: Frequency of Self-Reinforcement

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Integrated therapy that combines changing self-defeating thinking with changing inappropriate behaviors.

Family and Group Therapies Module 33: Psychological Therapies

Group Therapy Having a therapist work with a number of patients at one time Groups usually consist of 6 to 10 people Cognitive, behavior, and humanistic therapists all can lead group therapies.

Advantage of Group Therapy Therapists can help more than one person at a time. Overall session cost is lower. Patients interact with others having the same problems as they have. Builds a sense of community

Family Therapy Therapy that views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other members of the family and attempts to guide the family toward positive relationships and improved communication.

Mini Research Assignment Research and try and find information about a newer or radical or extreme therapy that we have not discussed at length. Be ready to explain this information to your group on __________ What is it, how does it work, how much does it cost, where can you access this, are there any stats on success rates, etc

Comparison of Psychotherapies Group Work

Comparison of Psychotherapies

Comparison of Psychotherapies

Comparison of Psychotherapies

Comparison of Psychotherapies

Comparison of Psychotherapies

All therapies offer 3 basic benefits: Hope for demoralized people A new perspective An empathic, trusting, caring relationship What are some common signs of trouble that may require professional help? p. 601

The most common signs of trouble that might require professional help: Thoughts of suicide Self-destructive behavior (addictions) Disruptive fears Deep and lasting depression Sudden mood shifts Compulsive rituals Page 601 Define the types of therapist and training

End of Module Questions: 1. Has your view of therapy changed? Explain. 2. If you were experiencing a mental,relational or social problem, would you seek help from a professional licensed therapist? Why or why not? 3. If you were to see a therapist, which type of therapy would you prefer they follow? Why?

The End

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Teacher Information Domain Coding Key Terms and Definitions in Red Just as the textbook is organized around the APA National Standards, these Powerpoints are coded to those same standards. Included at the top of almost every slide is a small stripe, color coded to the APA National Standards. Scientific Inquiry Domain Biopsychology Domain Development and Learning Domain Social Context Domain Cognition Domain Individual Variation Domain Applications of Psychological Science Domain Key Terms and Definitions in Red To emphasize their importance, all key terms from the text and their definitions are printed in red. To maintain consistency, the definitions on the Powerpoint slides are identical to those in the textbook.

Teacher Information Hyperlink Slides - Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (usually slide #4 or #5) can be found listing all of the module’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection. Continuity slides - Throughout this presentations there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at korek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022

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