Chapter 9 Sculpture

A sculptor is a person obsessed with the form and shape of things, and it’s not just the shape of one thing, but the shape of anything and everything: the hard, tense strength, although delicate form of a bone; the strong, solid fleshiness of a beech tree trunk. –Henry Moore

Introduction What is sculpture? Why is sculpture important to us? Introduction What is sculpture? Why is sculpture important to us? Why does sculpture create an emotion in humans? Why have we felt the need to create sculptures and monumental sculptures throughout our history?

Sculpture Sculpture - The art of carving, casting, modeling, or assembling materials into three-dimensional figures or forms Relief sculpture Bas-Relief or low relief High Relief Freestanding sculpture

Subtractive and Additive Types of Sculpture Subtractive Process - Carving, unwanted materials are removed. Additive Process - Modeling, Casting, Construction

Carving Carving - removing portions of a block of material to create a form. Can use stone, wood, ivory, chocolate…

Figure 9. 2, p. 179 MICHELANGELO. The Cross-Legged Captive (c Figure 9.2, p.179 MICHELANGELO. The Cross-Legged Captive (c. 1530–1534). Marble. H: 7’6 1⁄2”.

Modeling Modeling - using a pliable material, such as clay or wax, the artist shapes the material into a 3D form. Can be done by hand or tools.

Casting Casting - liquid metal material is poured into a mold to create a form. Mold - the form into which the material is poured and imparts its shape. Any material that hardens can be used for casting. One of the oldest and most common is Bronze.

Figure 9. 3, p. 179: LOUISE BOURGEOIS. Portrait of Robert (1969) Figure 9.3, p.179: LOUISE BOURGEOIS. Portrait of Robert (1969). Cast bronze with white patina. 13” x 12 1⁄2” x 10”.

The Lost-Wax Technique The artist creates a form, and from this form a mold is created by covering the shape, usually in plaster or resin. The inside of the mold is then filled or covered with wax. The wax is removed and covered in a sandy mixture of silica, clay and plaster to create a investiture. Investiture - a fire resistant mold into which the liquid metal will be poured. The wax is heated and poured out of the now sold investiture and replaced with the liquid metal. The finished metal sculpture is removed from the investiture, and burnished. Burnished - treated chemically to take on a texture and color.

Figure 9. 6, p. 181: SHERRIE LEVINE. Fountains after Duchamp (1991) Figure 9.6, p.181: SHERRIE LEVINE. Fountains after Duchamp (1991). Bronze. Installation view at Sherrie Levine Exhibition in the Zürich Kunsthalle (2.11.1991–3.1.1992), Zürich, Switzerland.

Figure 9.7, p.181: GEORGE SEGAL. Three Figures and Four Benches (1979). Painted bronze. 52” x 144” x 58”.

Construction Constructed sculpture - forms are built from materials such as wood, paper, string, sheet metal, and wire.

Types of Materials Stone Wood Clay Metal

Stone Stone is extremely hard It is also very durable Appropriate for monuments and statues Stone tools include the chisel, mallet, and rasp. Artists also use contemporary power tools

Figure 9. 8, p. 182: LOUISE BOURGEOIS. Eyes (1982). Marble Figure 9.8, p.182: LOUISE BOURGEOIS. Eyes (1982). Marble. 74 3⁄4” x 54” x 45 3⁄4”.

Wood Wood can be carved, scraped, drilled, polished, molded and bent. Different types of woods vary in how hard they are. Wood appeals to sculpture artists, because of its grain, color, and workability. Wood is easier to carve than stone. Tensile strength - the inherent strength of a material.

Figure 9. 10, p. 184: PO SHUN LEONG. Figure (1993) Figure 9.10, p.184: PO SHUN LEONG. Figure (1993). Mahogany with hidden drawers. H: 50”.

Clay Clay is more pliable than stone or wood Clay is not very strong. Nor is is permanent. Armature - an inner skeleton normally made of metal, used to help give clay additional strength.

Metal Metals can be cast, extruded, forged, stamped, drilled, filed, and burnished. Cast bronze sculptures Direct-metal sculptures - Assembling sculpture by welding, riveting, and soldering. Patinas - the colors created on bronze due to oxidation.

Figure 9. 12, p. 185: RICHARD SERRA Figure 9.12, p.185: RICHARD SERRA. Installation view, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain.

Modern and Contemporary Materials and Methods Throughout history sculptors have searched for new forms of expression. Constructed sculpture Assemblage Readymades Mixed media Kinetic sculpture Light sculpture Land art

Constructed sculpture The artist “builds” the sculpture Materials could include, sheet metal, cardboard, celluloid, or wire Some artworks are lighter than those from stone or wood Unorthodox materials can also be used

Constructed sculpture Figure 9.13, p. 186 PABLO PICASSO. Mandolin and Clarinet (1913). Wood construction and paint.

Figure 9. 14, p. 186: CLAES OLDENBURG. Soft Toilet (1966) Figure 9.14, p.186: CLAES OLDENBURG. Soft Toilet (1966). Vinyl filled with kapok painted with Liquitex, and wood. 57 1⁄16” x 27 5⁄8” x 28 1⁄16”.

Assemblage A form of constructed sculpture Pre-existing or found objects take on a new form as artwork Novel combinations that take on a new life and meaning One of the best-known examples is Picasso’s Bull’s Head

Readymades Found objects can be elevated to works of art on pedestals, such as Duchamp’s urinal, turned upside down. This is a 20th-century artistic trend No assembly is needed for this artform

Mixed Media Mixed Media - Use materials and found objects that are not normally elements of a work of art. Artists, such as Rauschenberg (see Ch. 20), may attach other materials to their canvases. What might be some the materials you could use in a Mixed Media sculpture?

Kinetic Sculpture Kinetic sculpture - Sculptures that move, art + action. Example: the mobile. Forms of movement might include: Wind Magnetic fields Jets of water Electric motors The intensity of light Human manipulations

Light Sculpture Light and its reflections have always been an important elements in sculpture (and art!) However, “light sculpture” is a 20th-century artform What are the physical and psychological effects of color and the creation of illusion?

Other Materials Sculpture today uses not only traditional materials, but also materials that have never been used before. Example: beeswax, microcrystalline wax, chocolate, styrofoam, etc…

Figure 9. 22, p. 191: JANINE ANTONI. Chocolate Gnaw (1992) Figure 9.22, p.191: JANINE ANTONI. Chocolate Gnaw (1992). Chocolate (600 lb before biting), gnawed by the artist. 24” x 24” x 24” (61 cm x 61 cm x 61 cm).