Descriptive Grammar - 2S, 2016 Mr.s Belén Berríos Droguett Clauses Descriptive Grammar - 2S, 2016 Mr.s Belén Berríos Droguett

Definition A clause is a sentence or sentence-like unit which can be analyzed, and divided into different units If a sentence contains one clause it is “simple sentence”, thus there is not distinction between sentence and clause However, if a sentence contains more than one clause, here we are in front of more complex structures and we must recognize and acknowledged the difference between the sentences and the clauses The sentence will always be the biggest unit to consider, and the analysis will be done sentence by sentence and their constituents (being one clause and their smaller parts or more than one clauses and their members)

Form As it was mentioned before, clauses can be formed by one or more clauses, according to the characteristics of these clauses and how they related between them, we can identify: One clause  simple sentence Two or more clauses  complex or compound sentences Inside a clause we can find the following elements: predicator, subject, object, complement, adverbial

Types According to the verb There are two types: Tensed Tenseless Tensed Clauses are those which contain a verb in a tensed formed (e.g. Ved, mVi, be Ven, hv be Ving) Tenseless Clauses contain verbs considered no tensed or tenseless (e.g. Ving, to Vi, be Ven, hv be Ven) In the following slide, there a summary chart with all of the Tensed and Tenseless form of verb

Tensed Forms Tenseless Forms Infinitive Particles Present Past Vs Vo Ved Vi Ven Ving Full Verbs Regular calls call called (to) call calling Irregular reads read (to) read reading Operator Verbs Primary Do Have Be Does has is Do have Am/are Did Had Was/were Done Been Doing Having Being Modals All modals May, can Might, could

Types There are four types of main clauses: Declaratives: to make statements Interrogatives: mostly used to asked questions Yes-no interrogative Wh- interrogative Imperatives: used to give orders or make requests. Imperatives are tenseless clauses Clause can also be divided into: Active: Subject and Object in the most common positions Passive: Object takes the place of Subject and viceversa

Clause Patterns [S P] [S P Od] [S P Oi] [S P Oi Od] [S P C] [S P Od C] [S P A] [S P Od A]

Clause Patterns Passive Tenseless [S P O] [S P] [S P Oi Od] [S P Oi] [S P O C] [S P C] [S P O A] [S P A] Tenseless Infinitive [S P O] -ing clause [S P] -en clause [S P]