actual victimizations known to police arrests convictions The Felony Funnel actual victimizations known to police arrests convictions

Annual Felony Convictions in State Courts Murder – between 8,500 to 9,000 Rape – 30,000 to 35,000 Robbery – 40,000 to 45,000 Aggravated Assault – 100,000 to 105,000 Burglary – 95,000 to 100,000 Larceny – 125,000 to 130,000 Drugs – 370,000 to 380,000 Total – roughly 1.1 million

actual victimizations known to police arrests 1.1 M convictions The Felony Funnel actual victimizations known to police arrests 1.1 M convictions

Felony Sentence Sanction Dispositions (State Courts) Prison – 40% Jail – 30% Probation – 30% Mean Prison Sentence – approx. 60 months Mean Jail Sentence – approx. 6 months Mean Probation Sentence – approx. 40 months

Aggravated Assault – 375,000 to 385,000 Burglary – 205,000 to 210,000 Felony Arrests Murder – between 11,000 and 12,000 Rape – 22,000 to 24,000 Robbery – 90,000 to 100,000 Aggravated Assault – 375,000 to 385,000 Burglary – 205,000 to 210,000 Larceny – 1.0 to 1.2 million Auto Theft – 85,000 to 90,000 Drugs – 1.5 to 1.7 million Total Index Arrests – 1.87 million

actual victimizations known to police 1.9 M arrests 1.1 M convictions The Felony Funnel actual victimizations known to police 1.9 M arrests 1.1 M convictions

Felony Arrests - Synopsis Violent crimes – 500,000 Property crimes – 1.3 to 1.5 million Total index crimes – 1.85 to 2.0 million

Uniform Crime Reports Year Total Rate Murder Rape Robbery 1980 13.4 M 5,950 23,040 82,990 565,840 1990 14.5 M 5,820 23,440 102,560 639,270 2000 11.6 M 4,124 15,586 90,186 407,842 2010 10.33 M 3,346 14,748 84,767 367,832 2015 9.2 M 2,860 15,696 124,047 327,374 2016 2,837 17,250 130,603 332,198

The Felony Funnel actual victimizations 9.2 M known to police 1.9 M arrests 1.1 M convictions

UCR Murder Rates (per 100,000) 1900 – 1.2 (914 murders)

UCR Murder Rates Homicide rates have been dropping since 1980, but they are nowhere near the rates we experienced at the turn of the last century (914 murders; rate of 1.2/100,000 in 1900) We are now returning to more of what we experienced from the outset of WWII until the mid-1960s. The odds of a white female being murdered in her lifetime is now around 1:800, while the odds of a black male being murdered in his lifetime is around 1:40. The murder rate capital of the U.S. (major cities) – #1 - St. Louis #2 - Baltimore #3 - Detroit

UCR Rape Rates A new method of accounting for rape in the UCR reports was devised in 2013. Police now get roughly 130,000 reports of rape/year. Roughly 18 - 20% of the sexual assault cases reported to the police result in an arrest, and 80% of those individuals are convicted of something – roughly a 15% conviction rate for rapes known to the police. Most rapes go un-reported. It is estimated that the actual number of rapes in the U.S. is around 3 to 4 million/year. Females have a 20% chance of being raped in their lifetime in America.

UCR Property Crime Data - 2016 Burglary 1.52 million episodes reported 70% residential $3.6 billion in losses ($2,361/episode) Larceny/Theft 5.64 million episodes reported $5.6 billion in losses ($1,000/episode) Auto Theft 765,484 cases reported $5.9 billion in losses ($7,680 per episode)

Reported Crime Rate Factors Reported crime rates are a function of a variety of factors: l. Department size 2. Citizen trust in the police 3. Education level of the officers 4. Confidence of the victim in the justice system 5. Education level of the victim 6. Social class of the victim 7. Race of the victim 8. If the victim had insurance 9. Overall fiscal resources of the victim 10. Relationship of the victim to the offender 11. Victim’s concern over unwanted publicity/embarrassment 12. Fear of reprisal from the offender if report

Reported Crime Rate Factors…continued 13. Unwilling to deal with the trauma of reporting 14. Aware you have been victimized 15. Victims sometimes don’t know where or how to report 16. Ethnic and social mores 17. Social class and status of the offender 18. Cumulative factor 19. Social significance, context, and relevance of the crime 21. Department communication equipment 22. Fiscal resources of the police department 23. Mobility of the police officers 24. Visibility of the crime 25. Department policies

Victimization Surveys Year Total Property Violence 2000 25.9 M 19.3 M 6.6 M 2005 23.4 M 18.0 M 5.2 M 2010 20.3 M 15.4 M 4.9 M 2015 19.6 M 14.6 M 5.0 M

The Felony Funnel actual 19.6 M victimizations 9.2 M known to police 1.9 M arrests 1.1 M convictions

Violent Victimizations Reported (2015 data) Overall – 5.0 M Rape – 431,800 Robbery – 578,580 Agg. Assault – 816,760 Simple Assault – 3.18 m

Property Victimizations Reported (2015 data) Overall – 14.6 M Household Burglary – 2.9 m Auto Theft – 564,160 Larceny/Theft – 11.14 m

Percent of Crimes Reported to the Police (2015 data) Assault (aggravated) – 62% Assault (simple) – 42% Auto Theft – 69% Household Burglary – 51% Larceny/Theft – 29% Rape – 32.5% Robbery – 62% ***************************************** Overall Violent Crime – 46.5% Overall Property Crime – 35%

Selected International Homicide Rates/100,000 Honduras - 84.6 Turkey - 4.3 El Salvador - 64.2 Chile - 3.6 Venezuela - 62 India - 3.2 Jamaica - 36.1 Chile - 3.2 Belize - 34.4 Canada - 1.5 South Africa - 33.0 France - 1.2 Guatemala - 31.2 Australia - 1.0 Bahamas - 29.8 England - .9 Colombia - 27.9 Germany - .9 St. Kitts/Nevis - 25.9 Hong Kong - .9 Trinidad/Tobago - 25.9 China - .8 Brazil - 24.6 South Korea - .7 Russia - 9.5 Norway - .6 Pakistan - 7.7 Indonesia - .5 United States - 4.9 Switzerland - .5 Ukraine - 4.3 Japan - .3 United States - 4.9 Singapore - .3 Egypt - 3.4 (data drawn from the UNODC) International average is 6.2/100,000. Western world tends to run below 2.0. Not counting nations involved in armed conflicts, there are roughly 500,000 homicides a year in the world at present.

Violent Crime Correlates Gun accessibility Alcohol accessibility Externally based bio-chemical imbalances Internally based bio-chemical imbalances Psychological abnormalities Overexposure to violence Endless poverty Lack legitimate means of responding to conflict Gang wars Social disorganization Co-habitation Instinctual violence Turning points/tipping points

The Felony Funnel actual ?? 19.6 M victimizations 9.2 M known to police 1.9 M arrests 1.1 M convictions

Fear of Crime: Gender Differentiations Men fear being the victims of different types of crime than do women. Men and women engage in different types of risk avoidance in response to their fears. Men are less fearful of becoming a victim, and consequently make fewer adjustments.

Fear of Crime: Age Differentiations Though the elderly have the lowest victimization rate, they have the highest fear of crime. This is due largely to their low rebound factor. In the end, it is not the extent of crime, but the fear of crime that drives the field of pragmatic criminology.