A WORLD OF EMPIRES 1450-1750 CE

Content and non-content specific vocabulary on tomorrow’s test 1450-1750 Commodities atheism Bureaucracy syncretic Mercantilism Mullatoe, Mestizo, Peninsulares, Creole Sovereignty Mita Census Amerindian Monetary systems Folklore Baptisms Demographic Basin( relating to maritime location) Scarcer Nahuatl Encomienda Jesuits and Franciscans Mexica Oceania Artillery Industrial manufacturing Pandemics Cash crops Missionizing religions Account books Textile mills Serfs Plantation labor Shia Islam Human migration Homily Clergy Filial submission Profound infallibly Destabilization capricious Elite modesty Peripheral adherents Core assertion Cargoes Maladies Proportional Indigenous Supplanted Integration Spurred Catalyzed Contention Influx synthesis Enclaves Avenge Livestock Impetus Ventures Trends Intersection Challenge Collaborator Transfer Evident Disobedient Bearers Abrupt Piecemeal reverence

Americas 1300-1800 Rise of Incas Continued rise of Aztecs Conquest – arrival of Spanish in western hemisphere Population impacts: disease, racial intermingling, war Columbian exchange Colonial societies Incas/Aztecs..do lessons about them. (ex: time capsule assignment: draw 3 things on a “space ship” that they think are items from these cultures that could benefit the future societies: ex: calendars) Conquest: Do picture comparisons from both perspectives. There is also poetry from book: Broken Spears. Impacts on Population: mestizos/mulattos/disease, racial, intermingling, war In my file: good reading “Indian Givers” Transition into colonial societies

Inca Empire—1438-1525 Highly centralized government Diverse ethnic groups Extensive irrigation State religion/ancestor cult Rope suspension bridges Metallurgy – copper and bronze No use of wheel Roads for tax, labor, and courier system S to the 3rd (Sugar/Silver/Slaves) Do a case study ,one day, on transatlantic slave trade and a day on Columbian exchange….focus on Brazil. 200 different varieties of potatoes…Europeans took back 2…

Aztec Empire 1325-1520 Tenochtitlan “Foundation of Heaven” By 1519, metropolis of 150.000-five square miles Island location Tribute empire based on agriculture State control of market – redistributes all goods State controlled market

Changes in Trade, Technology and Global Interactions Exploration Gold, Glory and God? Commodities Cartography Empire Building Exploration: a major theme during this time. Gold Glory and God (3G’s) Cartography – look at ptomoly map from “foundations” and how the image of the world was changing…because there are different purposes of map needed. Not just an art…but also a science Commodities: Have students read the boo ”The world that trade created” Readings and Assignments is in my file. Commodity Jigasaw.

Age of Exploration European exploration Why then? Why? Who and where? End of Ming Treasure / Tribute Voyages Zheng He Clip on Millennium Series clips Zheng He –(millennium series movie clip) the amazing ships!! His ships have swimming pools/farms/aquaculture on it! Like a future star-ship from star trek. It was more like tribute voyages and collecting tribute as he travelled but also brought back trinkets to the emperor. By the end of his life: they were running out of wood to make ships/ Merchant biases at that time…/ many of his records from his voyages were destroyed.

Commodities African slave trade Notice the primary destinations African Slave Station Activity in my File (if not…email deb) to teach African Slave Trade. One group looks at book images/one group looks at stats/ one group takes pieces of paper with slave ship ½’s…give them little hearts to write on. Ask what did African’s take with them to their new location. 4th station: little primary source quotes to interpret. Final activity: what other sources could be helpful to understand the trade Film for them to watch at home: Amistad (extra credit?)

Commodities Coffee beans used first in Yemen and then later in Europe and Americas European used chocolate technology from Aztecs in 17th Century Story of Yemen sheep herder. Chocolate: Aztecs to Europeans and was accepted when they put sugar in it

Cartographic Changes

Empire Building: Fortunes won and lost (Players and haters in a finite economy) Silver impacts: Potosi, Bolivia becomes largest city in Americas because of valuable silver mines. Native labor under horrendous conditions. Spanish Empire initially becomes a booming economy (pieces of eight widely used” in international trade, eventually lack of Spanish investment by aristocracy inflation grow ( as silver falls so too does the Spanish economy) Japan’s Tokugawa Shogunate profits greatly re-investing in the agriculture and industry consolidating its authority in Edo (centralized feudalism) and limiting port trade to Nagasaki, China’s Ming Dynasty forces ports in Canton and Macao open to new commercial interest so that Chinese can acquire silver ( since it was the only way to pay taxes) China becomes a silver sink, glutting the market and devaluing silver in the 17th century Who would be the missing voice? New Bourgeoisie middle class serving as European “middle men” in luxury trade? Native mita laborers in mines in Potosi, Acapulco, or Bahia? Japanese mine owners looking to profit off of silver trade? Manila Galleon shippers looking to gain access to ports in Canton or Macao? Absolutism – gov’t not just in Europe! All over the world! Empire Activity (called Empire Case Studies) – Students have one empire to study in depth. Teacher Work: Make copies of info from my supplementary extra textbooks to make files for each empire Day 1 : graphic organizer (I’ll copy it for every student) ex: venn diagram/charts/ Day 2 : apply that info into Travel Brochure Day 3: Essay: they have to compare their essay to another Empire (or 2 empires) (students can pull empires out of a hat to see what they are going to do)

Africa Characteristics: Stateless societies-organized around kinship, often larger than states, forms of government Large centralized states–increased unity came from linguistic base–Bantu, Christianity and Islam, as well as indigenous beliefs Trade–markets, international commerce, taxed trade of unprocessed goods.

African Empires Oyo Benin Kongo Asante Students need to know at least 1 one these for the test!!! Let a groups for Empire Lesson choose ONE!!!

Songhay Initially farmers, herders, and fishers Foreign merchant community in Goa (gold) Powerful cavalry forces, expansive empire (1492) Fusion of Islamic and indigenous traditions

Ottoman 1281-1914 1350’s – Initial Ottoman invasion of Europe 1453 – Ottoman capture of Constantinople 1683 – Ottoman siege of Vienna                                    

Ming China 1368-1644 Manchu Qing Dynasty 1644-1912

Japan

Tokugawa Japan 1600-1853 Cultural borrowing from China Emergence of warrior class and increasing civil wars Encounter with Portuguese-1543 “Isolation” from West; rise of Tokugawas Tokugawa elite followed development in West (contrast to China’s “hairy barbarian” mentality)

Mughal India 1556-1739 Empire based on military strength Akbar the Great–-combined beliefs into new religion to unite Hindu and Muslim subjects: Din-I-Ilahi Indian textile trade–value to Europeans Patron of the arts— Shah Jahan

Safavid Persia 1334-1722

Empires: Russia Mongol occupation stalled Russian unification and development Increasing absolutist rule and territorial expansion by 16th Century – Ivan the Terrible Role of Russian Orthodox Church Peter the Great accelerated westernization process Connected to Fur Trade…. Empire is expanding East

Fur Trade – French, British, Native Peoples, Russians Comparative look at fur trade. Mainly beaver fur in N.Amer and Sable in Russia It went East in Russia and West in US/Canada…similar stories. “Europe and the People w/out history”. Environmental Factor: Hunt to extinction and move West…natives were collaborating with them. It spread disease and ideas. Exploitation of Environment…it isn’t a new thing! In my file…Environment Lessons

Portugal Search for maritime route to Asia Naval school Advanced naval technology: caravels, carracks, astrolabe and compass

Portugal Established fortresses along the Gold Coast – sugar plantations and African slave labor Indian Ocean trade and Da Gama: Malindi, Sofala and Kilwa, Calicut and Goa, and later Macao Atlantic trade with conquest of Brazil – sugar plantation

Brazil: Plantation colony Portuguese due to Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 African slave labor used to support plantation complex (sugar) Largest producer of sugar in world first half of 17th C.

Spain Reconquista ended with fall of Granada Inquisition Columbus’ voyage Cortez in Mexico and Pizarro in Peru Took over existing tributary empires: labor, silver, gold, and foodstuffs Demographic impact: disease, death, and mestizos

England Limited/constitutional monarchy Civil Wars Commonwealth Charles II James II Glorious Revolution Bill of Rights Enlightenment ideas Colonies in Americas

France Absolute Monarchy King Louis XIV “ I am the State” Versailles Mercantilism Territorial expansion in Europe and fur-trading colonies in Saint Domingue (Haiti) and New France (Quebec)

Dutch Dutch East India Company 1660—employed 12,000 people with 257 ships Sought monopolies and large profits North America (fur trade-Hudson River, New Amsterdam) Caribbean islands for plantations Capetown, South Africa – way station Southeast Asia – spice trade (nutmeg, cloves and pepper)

How might colonial conquests influence gender roles? Gender and Empire How might colonial conquests influence gender roles? How might the colonial conquests influence gender roles? Ex: Christianity will influence existing gender roles in the Americas Ex: sexual violence has been used as a tool of conquest during colonialism (std’s)

Changing Beliefs Reformation Neo-Confucianism Missionaries: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism Neo Confuciansim – important for students to know…it influences not only art…but also merchants in all of E. Asia Role of Missionaries – Universal Religions that try to spread Do Jesuits as a case study

Missionaries: Jesuits Jesuits notes in my file: Brazil/ India/ China – Case Study assignment Watch “The Mission” Clip about Jesuits in Brazil.

Cultural and Intellectual Development Scientific Revolution Enlightenment Patronage of the arts Do a comparison of european and islamic renaissance (Spain) Students take on Roles Assignments (in my file) : They debate 2 questions about enlightenment ideas

Demographic and Environmental Changes Predict what the consequences of increased integration and empire building be on population? On the environment? Think long and short term.

Comparisons Be able to compare the following: Imperial systems: European monarchy vs. a land-based Asian empire Coercive labor systems Empire building in Asia, Africa and Europe Russia’s interaction with the West compared to others Emphasis: THE USE OF CASE STUDIES for this unit!! You can’t do it all. Split it up! How do we all get the info compiled together?!

Conclusions What are the major themes that seem apparent? What global processes are in action?

A WORLD OF EMPIRES 1450-1750 CE