EOG Review: Earth Change Over Time

Evidence for climate change Extinction of species Catastrophic events 5.01 Interpret ways in which rocks, fossils, and ice cores record earth’s geologic history and the evolution of life including: Geologic Time Scale Index Fossils Law of Superposition Unconformity Evidence for climate change Extinction of species Catastrophic events The Earth is _____________year old. List the divisions of the Geologic Time scale from largest to smallest: ~4.6 billion Eon, Era, Period, Epoch

3. ____________ can be taken from Antarctica to show climate data from thousands of year ago. 4. A _____________ is a fossil of an organism that was common in one time period in multiple areas. These can be used to find the relative age of _________ layers and other fossils. 5. Original remains are the actual _____________ of once living things. These can be preserved in ________, ____, or ______. 6. Rock fossils form in _______________ rock. The four types of rock fossils are ________, _______, _________, and _____________. Ice cores index fossil rock organism amber tar ice sedimentary casts molds trace petrified

7. According to the Law of Superposition, in a layer of rocks, the bottom layer is the _____________ and the top layer is the _____________. 8. Igneous rock forms from cooled molten rock. Igneous rock that cuts through layers of rock is always the ___________ layer. oldest youngest younger

9) A period of time when a large number of organisms become extinct is know as a ________________________. 10) The dinosaurs died in the ________________ extinction and more than 90% of ocean life died in the ____________ extinction. 11) The earliest evidence of life comes from the ______________ and these organisms were ___________. major biological event Cretaceous Permian Precambrian bacteria

Radioactive isotopes 12. ____________________ can be used to find the absolute age of a fossil. 13. What is unconformity? If you only have ¼ of the original material, how many half lives have passed? 2 half lives A gap in the rock record

5.02 Correlate evolutionary theories and processes: Biological Geological Technological 1. What did Alfred Wegner propose and why was this important? Continental Drift – Helped explain how the Earth’s surface has changed over time.

2. What are Darwin’s two theories? 3. What evidence did Darwin use to support his theories? The Theory of Natural Selection The Theory of Evolution Species diversity on the Galapagos islands, fossil evidence, animal domestication and breeding, and geographical distribution of living animals and fossils.

1. What is the difference between mechanical and chemical weathering? 5.03 Examine evidence that the geologic evolution has had significant global impact including: Distribution of living things Major geological events Mechanical and chemical weathering 1. What is the difference between mechanical and chemical weathering? Mechanical weathering is a physical change (breaking the rock into smaller parts), chemical weathering is a change in the chemical composition (dissolved away one or more of the minerals)

2. How do the geological features of the Earth affect the ability of organisms to live in different places? 3. What are some major geological events? How do these affect living organisms? Plate movement – separate populations of similar species. Mountain building – creates barriers that alter migration patterns. Volcanoes, floods, earthquakes, asteroid impacts, glacial advance and retreat. These events change the landscape, and can affect the environment   Ex1: Dust and ash in the atmosphere can alter weather patterns. Ex2: Glacier advancing traps water and alters the amount of water available as precipitation .

5.04 Analyze satellite imagery as a method to monitor Earth from space: Spectral analysis Reflectance curves 5.05 Use maps, ground truthing, and remote sensing to make predictions regarding: Changes over time Land use Urban sprawl Resource management   In order to study how the Earth has changed, scientists need to observe large areas. Remote sensing uses satellite images to look at these large areas. Satellite images are like any other pictures: they are made of pixels and may have poor resolution. To improve these images, scientists also use spectral analysis. Spectral analysis looks at how light reflects (reflectance curves) to determine “signature” reflectance curves. Scientists determine which reflectance curves show plants, water, soil, and other materials on earth. Together, satellite images and spectral analysis allow scientists to gather information on the Earth from a distance. Ground truthing is when scientists directly observe the areas they are analyzing with satellite images.

2. What is spectral analysis? 1. What is remote sensing? 2. What is spectral analysis? 3. What can reflectance curves tell us? Remote sensing is observing something without physically touching it. The analysis of the satellite data to interpret the ground cover, soil moisture etc. Reflectance is the amount of light being reflected off of different surfaces on the earth. Gives information on the type of vegetation and moisture level in soils.

6. What do you think urban sprawl is? How does it affect the Earth? 4. Why might a scientist need to directly observe (ground truthing) an area they are studying through remote sensing? 5. What changes on the Earth’s surface might a scientist find by using satellite images? 6. What do you think urban sprawl is? How does it affect the Earth? To confirm the analysis or to collect additional data that may not be available by remote sensing Changes in ground cover, soil moisture or temperature. Buildings, roads and other paved surfaces. The amount of heat and light reflected off these surfaces will change air and water temperatures. Air and water pollution (runoff and point sources) are additional effects of the human population growth.

7. Why is it important to study land use and resource management. 8 7. Why is it important to study land use and resource management? 8. What is the difference between a renewable resource and a nonrenewable resource? It is our responsibility to conserve and restore the Earth’s resources for future generation. Remember this is stewardship. A renewable resource is any natural resource (such as wood or solar energy) that can be replenished naturally with the passage of time. A non-renewable resource is a natural resource which cannot be produced, re-grown, regenerated, or reused. For example oil and coal.