The Industrial Revolution and Latin America AP World History Notes Chapter 18 (1750-1914)

After Independence in Latin America Decimated populations Flooded or closed silver mines Diminished herds of livestock Abandoned farms Bankrupt treasuries Shrinking international trade Devastation from international wars Politically unstable Mexican-American War (1846-1848) (Mexico lost huge territories to the U.S.)

After Independence in Latin America: Political Instability Conservatives Liberals Favored centralized authority Wanted social status quo of colonial era Wanted to maintain an alliance with strong Catholic Church Attacked the Church in the name of Enlightenment values Wanted social reforms Preferred federalism

After Independence in Latin America: Political Instability Conflicts between conservatives and liberals often became violent Enabled caudillos (military strongmen) to achieve power as defenders of order

After Independence in Latin America And some mestizos who rose through military ranks to become caudillos Social life did not change much Slavery and legal distinctions between the races were abolished, but divisions remained in reality Mostly Creole whites Owned businesses, ranches, and plantations Middle class = small Mestizos Teachers, shopkeepers, artisans Lower class = majority of people Black people, Native Americans, many mixed-raced people Impoverished; Worked on small subsistence farms, in mines, or on haciendas (plantations)

Facing the World Economy 2nd half of 1800s = many countries in Latin America became more stable and started to integrate into the world economy driven by the industrialization of the U.S. and Western Europe Rapid growth of Latin American exports to these countries Industrialized countries needed food products, raw materials, and markets of new Latin American states

Facing the World Economy Latin American Country Export(s) Mexico Silver Chile Copper (for electrical industry); nitrates (for fertilizers) Bolivia Tin (for tin cans) Peru Guano = bird droppings (for fertilizers) Amazon rain forest Wild rubber (for bicycle and car tires) Central America Bananas Argentina Beef Ecuador Cacao Brazil and Guatemala Coffee Cuba Sugar

Facing the World Economy In exchange for these goods, Latin American countries received: textiles, machinery, tools, weapons, and luxury goods from Europe and the U.S. European countries and the U.S. also invested capital ($$) in Latin America Mostly to build railroads there to help funnel exports to the coast

Becoming Like Europe? Latin American Progress Economies growing and producing more Population growing Public health measures  safe drinking water, sewers, inoculations, etc. Rapid urbanization Mexico City in the late 19th Century

Becoming Like Europe? To become more like Europe, Latin America wanted more actual Europeans Targeted impoverished European immigrants Promised them a new and prosperous life in the New World  most promises unfulfilled Immigrant family from eastern Europe arriving in Buenos Aires, Argentina in the early 19th century

Effects of the Export Boom on Society Upper-class landowners (1% of population) = gained as exports continued and their property values soared Middle-class urban dwellers (8% of population) = grew in numbers and prosperity Skills = valuable in a modernizing society Professionals, lawyers, merchants, office workers, etc. Everyone else = lower class = mostly impoverished Lived in rural areas New segment of lower class = urban workers  worked in mines, ports, railroads, and a few factories Miners at Chihuahua, Mexico, 1868

Effects of the Export Boom on Society Latin American urban workers created mutual aid societies, organized unions, and engaged in strikes to protest their harsh work environment and conditions Authoritarian governments = acted harshly to crush unions and strikes Wanted stability and progress in Latin America A crowd of Mexican workers being addressed during the miners’ strike in 1906

The Mexican Revolution Local protests and violence were frequent, but only in Mexico did this erupt into nationwide revolution Middle-class reformers joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the long dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz (1876-1911) Peasant armies under charismatic leaders like Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata helped oust Diaz

The Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 = decade of bloody conflict that followed About 1 million lives were lost Goal = to seize land and redistribute it to the peasants Many of Mexico’s large haciendas attacked

New Mexican Constitution (1917) Proclaimed universal suffrage Provided for redistribution of land Stripped Catholic Church of any role in public education Forbade Catholic Church from owning land Minimum wage law Eight-hour workday Restrictions on foreign ownership of property **Mexican Revolution’s influence = limited to Mexico; did not have a wider impact The Constitution of 1917 Painting by Jorge Gonzalez Camarena

No Industrial Revolution in Latin America: Why Not? 90% of its population = in an impoverished lower class Very small market for manufactured goods Economically powerful groups (landowners, cattlemen, etc.) = benefited from exporting agricultural products Little incentive to invest in manufacturing Political leaders embraced free trade Meant no tariffs on foreign products – so domestic manufacturing companies couldn’t compete Depiction of the lower class supporting the upper classes

T.R. corollary

Monroe Doctrine

Pros Cons Railroads built Foreign trade increased Industry developed Mining expanded Central power strengthened Industry capital from foreigners Special rights granted to them Wealthy landowners purchased indian land Peonage system Child mortality increased Child literacy low Children working 12 hours Pro or con??

Changes Caudillos similar to peninsulares Continuities Changes Caudillos similar to peninsulares Dependent of foreign financing and military support Upper class still controlled most of the wealth and decision making Still predomiantly non-industrialized (monoculture-exporter of one cash crop) Dependent on foreign infrastructure Largely Spanish Speaking and Roman Catholic Indigenous still no rights in constitutions Agriculture still primary export Slavery will exist in Brazil and Cuba till late 19th century (sugar) Patriarchy persisted with machismo( no right for women to vote) Workers still exploited in mines, agricultre Many European style cities existed from Spanish conquest Portugese King Alfonso ruled from Brazil Popular soverignty and new nations Development of new nationalism and creole elites New constitutions Slavery and legal distinctions between the races were abolished (on paper) Providede industrial countries raw materials in return for textiles and other finished products (change?) Investment in some infrastructure like railroads and ports( for funneling exports) European style city improvement ( massive Monroe Doctrine (U.S. utilized diplomacy and military to intervene in U.S business interests in Latin America) Divide and conquer (U.S. support of Panama over Colombia to develop canal to cut shipping in half) urbanization) European migration New middle class Unions unsuccessfully strike to attempt to end worker abuse

Latin America remained independent, did not provide military forces to the West, and was outside of the imperial scramble. The profits of economic expansion were not drained off by Western merchants.  But Latin America was in many ways reduced to an economic dependency typical of "true colonies"; economic expansion was based on the export of raw materials and markets were dependent on the West. The West provided capital for initiation of industry and often owned the industries. The labor force often was exploited in a manner similar to colonial labor forces.

COT? Conclusion: New Nations, Old Problems.  Despite all of the economic, social, and political changes occurring in Latin America after independence its countries remained remarkably unchanged. Revolutions and reforms changed little.  The elite held on to control of economic resources; the urban sector was weak and often accommodated the elite.  Most of the population worked the land without hope of improvement. With independence most nations had republican governments; liberal constitutions extended the vote.  Their economies no longer were under European dictation.  Slavery, the base of exploitative labor, ended by 1888.  The colonial heritage of a society based on castes of color and race was more difficult to overcome. Indians continued to be oppressed and remained at the bottom of the social structure. Even liberal land reforms and redistribution plans discriminated against Indians and mestizos.  There were frequent rebellions of peasants and Indians against governments dominated by creole aristocracies. Monroe Doctrine (U.S. utilized diplomacy and military to intervene in U.S business interests in Latin America) Divide and conquer (U.S. support of Panama over Colombia to develop canal to cut shipping in half)

Latin America’s Economic Growth Latin America’s economic growth = financed by capital from abroad Latin America became dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions Many U.S. companies allied with landowners and politicians in Latin America to set up businesses there “New form of colonialism”  indirect, behind the scenes power exercised by foreign investors The United Fruit Company was a U.S.-owned company in Guatemala