Urbanization and Its Effects on Water Scarcity in the Islamic Republic of Iran Mehrdad Farrokhi Health in disaster and Emergencies Research center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran

out line introduction Population review Urbanization rate Water consumption trend Conclusion

Introduction Water is a critical natural resource, It has always played a vital role in progress and development. The first known human empire was established thousands of years ago in the southwestern part of Iran water has played a key role in any social changes that have taken place in this country. Iran is a dynamically developing country within the 5th five-year plan framework the Ministry of Energy targets was full coverage of urban water supply in 2009. Also 88% of the rural population, whereas this number shall be increased to 100% until 2025

Introduction Iran, with an area of 165 million hectares (Mha), is located in a semiarid region of the Middle East. The average amount of precipitation over the country is 252 mm/year, which is less than one-third of the world average. While annual precipitation usually exceeds 2,000 mm in some of the northern parts of the country, it may be less than 20 mm in desert areas. Renewable water resources: 117bcm

Introduction The main Factors Effected on Water Sector in Iran: Rapid Population Growth, immigration of millions of Afghans, Urbanization, industrialization, drought from climate changes. Population growth in Iran is high. The highest recorded rate of 3.9 percent occurred in 1986. family planning programs during the years of 1986-1996 contributed to a lower rate of population growth of 1.45 percent in that decade. population growth has been limited to urban areas, whereas rural areas have been characterized by shrinking population numbers since that time.

Population growth Iran today counts more than double the number of inhabitants than 30 years ago

Population Development in Urban and Rural Areas

Population Growth in Urban and Rural Areas, in comparison to five years before

Urbanization Rate

Average Annual Migration Rate to Urban Areas in Iran

Number of cities and villages, their growth rate

Population density in Iranian Provinces The most densely provinces: Tehran, Guilan, Mazandaran

Water Availability and Use in Iran Component Volume (bcm) Percent of Total Precipitation 413 100 Evaporation 283 70 Renewable water 120 30 Surface water 105   Groundwater 25 Total water use 87.5 Agriculture 82.0 94.25 Domestic 4.7 4.75 Industry (etc.) 0.8 1

Water Consumption at a Glance agriculture: 11% of GDP

Amount of supplied water – Iran

Annual Renewable Water Availability Renewable Fresh Water Year Annual Renewable Water Availability (cubic meter/capita) 1956 7000 2007 1900 2020 1300

Climate and Precipitation Iran’s climate varies from region to region: The winter temperatures in the mountainous areas of the north-west drop as low as -29˚C The Khuzestan Plain has extremely hot humid summer with an average temperature of about 35˚C Most of the interior plateau has a dry climate, but the winters are mild and pleasant. Iran has 8 climatic zones varying from very dry to very wet. The average annual precipitation is 250 mm and the range (varies from 50 mm to more than 1600 mm ) Based on the average annual precipitation, Iran’s climate is classified among the semi-arid and arid.

Water Consumption Vision population 90 million Consumption Increase due to urbanization and improved welfare Water Demand We need 30 bcm more

What We Can Do Improvement Water uses efficiency specially in agriculture Immigration back to rural areas Enhancing the uses pattern Increasing the Storage Capacity Modern Water Harvest Methods Water & Wastewater Recycle Salty Water Desalination

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