Earlier this week…… Chris Parkes

Now the epic continues…… Upgrade Chris Parkes

Upgrade Now the epic continues…… A battle between Good and Evil….. Manchester United Manchester City M.U.F.C. M.C.F.C. Chris Parkes

Flag Waving UK (previous or current) Key Contributions Spokesperson Physics co-ordinator VELO, RICH Project Leaders Collaboration Board chair Editorial Board chair Upgrade co-ordinator ~20% of Collaboration Key Contributions RICH VELO Core Computing

Flag Waving: Responsibilities 11 Institutes UK Physics / Detector – selected items as indication only ! Birmingham: Charmless B Decays, EW, VELO Irrad, RICH Firmware Bristol: 4-body charm, Gamma, double parton, RICH mirrors, VELO testbeam Cambridge: Rare Decays, EW, charm…, RICH Electronics, PID algorithms Edinburgh: Phis, Quarkonia spectroscopy, RICH photon detectors Glasgow: Charm, Exotic Spectrosopy, Lifetimes, RICH photon dets, VELO elec. Imperial: Rare Decays, Sci. Fibre Tracker, RICH Mechanics Liverpool: EW, VELO detectors/electronics/mechanics Manchester: Charm, LFV, Asl, VELO detectors, alignment Oxford: Charm, Gamma, RICH Electronics/Mechanics, VELO cooling STFC: Gamma, RICH Mechanics / Optimisation Warwick: Gamma…., VELO Software + strong involvements in core computing / high level trigger….

Beyond the Energy Frontier Upgrade: Beyond the Energy Frontier Chris Parkes, Durham, September 2013 Interaction Point Muon System Calorimeters Tracking System Vertex Locator RICH Detectors Chris Parkes

Beyond the Energy Frontier Upgrade: Beyond the Energy Frontier LHCb Improving on LHCb - Key Challenges Detector Upgrade UK Status & Plans Physics Programme CERN-LHCC-2011-001 CERN-LHCC-2012-007 Chris Parkes

LHCb:A New Era in Flavour Physics Discovering New Physics through indirect effects: sensitive far beyond direct particle production reach Precision Measurements Challenging forward region at hadron collider Need events ! Need detailed understanding Of detector & systematics Compelling results from initial operation Key LHCb Attributes: Cross-section, Acceptance, Trigger, Vertex Resolution, Momentum Resol., Particle ID Chris Parkes

LHCb Physics Programme Limited by Detector But NOT Limited by LHC Upgrade to extend Physics reach Exploit advances in detector technology 40MHZ readout of full detector Trigger in software Better utilise LHC capabilities Timescale, 2018 Collect >50 fb-1 data Modest cost compared with existing accelerator infrastructure Independent of LHC upgrade HL-LHC not needed But compatible With HL-LHC phase Chris Parkes

Beyond the Energy Frontier Upgrade: Beyond the Energy Frontier Detector Upgrade Chris Parkes

LHCb Trigger: the key to higher Lumi Current First Trigger Level: Hardware Muon/ECAL/HCAL 1.1 MHz readout The current LHCb trigger allows to read out the full detector at 1.1 MHz. The purpose of L0 is reduce the event rate to that level . Performance: Muon channels scale Hadronic channels saturate bandwidth Chris Parkes

Solution: Upgrade detector to 40MHz readout Upgrade Trigger fully software based Runs in stageable Event Filter Farm Up to 40 MHz input rate 20 kHz output rate Trigger has access to all event information Run at L > 1033 cm-2 s-1 ~ Gain of 2 in signal rates for hadronic dependent on farm size Optional Low Level Trigger throttle 1-40 MHz The FE electronics will be upgraded to readout at the LHC clock rate; in principle 40 MHz. The purpose of the tuneable Low Level Trigger are: 1) to allow a staged DAQ system which cannot handle the full rate 2) to deal with occupancy fluctuations preventing full readout 3)insuffieient CPU power in the event filter farm. In the HLT not all tracks can be tracked in the downstream detector. IP requirement and number hits on track are used to select tracks. Keep HLT1 / HLT2 functionality Efficiency Farm Size = 5 x now 10 x now Bs → ff 29% 50% B0 → K*mm 75% 85% Bs → fg 43% 53% Chris Parkes

PMTs (reduce PMT gain, replace R/O) LHCb Upgrade to 40 MHz VELO Si strips (replace all) Silicon Tracker Si strips (replace all) Tracker Scintillating Fibres Muon MWPC (almost compatible) Spd, ps and m1 removed completely Readout detector at 40MHz to run full software trigger Replacement of all sub-detector Front-End electronics to 40 MHZ readout Replacement of all silicon detectors attached to the current 1MHz electronics VELO, IT, TT, RICH photo-detectors Remove some detectors due to increased occupancies at higher luminosity RICH1-aerogel, M1, possibly PS&SPD Eventually improve PID at low momenta by introducing TORCH RICH HPDs (replace HPD & R/O) Calo PMTs (reduce PMT gain, replace R/O) Chris Parkes

Luminosity and Pile-Up LHCb design: L ~ 2x1032 cm-2 s-1 with 25 ns BX  interactions / beam crossing = 0.4 average LHCb operations in 2011/2012: L up to 4x1032 cm-2 s-1 with 50 ns BX  interactions / beam crossing = 2 average LHCb Upgrade: L ~ 2x1033 cm-2 s-1 with 25 ns BX interactions / beam crossing Chris Parkes

Luminosity and Pile-Up LHCb design: L ~ 2x1032 cm-2 s-1 with 25 ns BX  interactions / beam crossing = 0.4 LHCb operations in 2011: L up to 4x1032 cm-2 s-1 with 50 ns BX  interactions / beam crossing = 2 LHCb Upgrade: L > 1x1033 cm-2 s-1 with 25 ns BX interactions / beam crossing = 2 LHCb already running at twice design luminosity Pile-up tests at level close to expected at start of upgrade Short 25ns test run already occurred Can use current data to project future performance of upgrade Chris Parkes

Velo Upgrade New Velo @40 MHz readout Module Detector Half Pixel Detector 55 μm x 55 μm pixel size Micro-channel Cooling 5mm from LHC beam Closes around LHC beam Chris Parkes 16

Main Tracker IT fibres: IT-fibre detectors: Current: Straw Tubes (outer region) Silicon Strips (Inner region & before magnet) Upgrade Baseline: Scintillating Fibre Tracker Readout with SiPMs Tracking efficiency vs multiplicity Nsig/Nbkg for BJ/ψK+ IT-fibre detectors: Readout of Sci Fi is Silicon Photomultipliers SiPM (20 p.e. per mip) – radiation protection. Alternative MAPMT a la RICH – same readout Fibers by Kuraray Nsig/Nbck = constant due to the fact that the primary vertices are well separated! Chris Parkes 17

Particle ID RICH-1 RICH-2 Performance RICH-1 and RICH-2 detector design remains Replace pixel HPDs by MaPMTs & readout out by 40 MHz ASIC Rebuild RICH1 with optimised photon detector layout Occupancy would exceed 30% RICH-1 RICH-2 Performance Chris Parkes 18

~Timescales: LHCb & Accelerator 2011+2012: 3 fb-1 2010 - 2012 Start of LHCb physics programme 7-8 TeV Long shutdown Splice repairs 2015-2017 14 TeV LHCb > 5 fb-1 LHCb upgrade installed Injector and LHC Phase I GPD upgrades Doubling time for statistics requires upgrade~ 2018 2019-2022 Start of LHCb upgrade physics programme Towards High Luminosity LHC Chris Parkes

LHCb Upgrade: STFC Approval Process Programmatic Review: Autumn 2013 - Autumn 2014 Prioritise project inside funding envelop Statement of Interest Submitted May 2013, Approved July 2013 Full Proposal Submitted August 2013 Referee comments: replies submitted yesterday Presentation & Initial PPRP Presentation September 19th 2013 Followed by visting panel and further review Response expected early 2014 Chris Parkes

Upgrade Proposal RICH VELO Computing, Trigger, SFT Chris Parkes

LHCb RICH Upgrade - UK Sub-WP Selected Hardware Elements Photon Detector Supports (Imperial) Simulation, Reconstruction Cambridge (Jones) Digital Board (Cambridge) Photon Detectors Edinburgh (Eisenhardt) Photon Detectors (Edinburgh, Glasgow) RICH-1 Gas Enclosure (Oxford) Entrance/Exit Windows (RAL) Mechanics & Optics STFC (Papanestis) Mirrors (Bristol) Electronics / DAQ Cambridge (Gibson) Installation at CERN (STFC) WP Leader: Neville Harnew Chris Parkes

LHCb VELO Upgrade - UK Sub-WP Selected Hardware Elements Software & Firmware Warwick (Gershon) Hybrids (Liverpool) Pixel Tiles (Liverpool) Micro-channel Plates (Oxford) Opto-elec PCB/ Cables (Glasgow) Electronics Glasgow (Eklund) Module Assembly (Manchester) Pixel Module Manchester (Parkes) VELO Half Assembly (Liverpool) Mechanics / Integration Liverpool (Patel) Transport to CERN WP Leader: Themis Bowcock Chris Parkes

Beyond the Energy Frontier Upgrade: Beyond the Energy Frontier Physics Programme Complementary to ATLAS / CMS direct searches New particles are discovered LHCb measure flavour couplings through loop diagrams No new particles are found LHCb probe NP at multi-TeV energy scale Sensitivity given in http://arxiv.org/abs/1208.3355 Chris Parkes

CP Violation: Upgrade Examples Core familiar physics – two examples: ϕs : Mixing induced CPV in Bs Upgrade: Reach theoretical Uncertainty: σ≈0.006 Rare penguin decay topologies sensitive to NP: Charmless hadronic B-decays Upgrade: Precision time dependent CPV in penguin dominated Bsϕϕ etc.. : reach theory uncertainty σ ~ 0.02 Chris Parkes

Rare Decays: Upgrade Examples Bs,dμ+μ- Upgrade: Correlation Bsμ+μ- vs Bdμ+μ- B0K*0μ+μ- Phase I: measure AFB and other observables Upgrade: precision full angular analysis, and related modes Chris Parkes

Charm LHCb is world’s foremost charm factory Upgrade: 50 billion clean offline selected events ! Direct CP violation Probe at 10-4 level (SM 10-3 level ) CP violation in mixing (AΓ) Upgrade D sample approx 1000 X B factories and time dependent measurements benefit from excellent resolution Rare decay e.g. where limit currently 105 X larger than SM yCP, Dalitz Analyses, Time dep. CP violation Chris Parkes

Electroweak & QCD Boson follows quark direction in forward Hence asymmetry measurements at LHCb sin2 θefflept : measure AFB of leptons in Z-decays Upgrade achieve precision of LEP Top quark forward-backward asymmetry Quark-quark annhilation in forward region, check TeVatron Constraining pdfs, e.g. W Charge Asymmetry changes sign in LHCb region: constraints on the low x quark content of the protons at high q2 Chris Parkes

M.J. Strasser and K.M. Zurek, Phys. Lett. B 661 (2008) 263 Exotics Hierarchy problem: why is Higgs mass not at Planck scale? Many models (Susy, Xtra dimensions, Technicolour, Little Higgs) predict new states at TeV scale: Z’, 4th generation, leptoquarks, Hidden Valley particles Hidden Valley particles carry “v” quantum number and can be low mass Lightest v-particle is a dark matter candidate V-neutral particles might have long lifetime and decay, e.g. to b bbar V flavoured particles could be produced by Higgs Hidden valley motivated by string theory M.J. Strasser and K.M. Zurek, Phys. Lett. B 661 (2008) 263 Chris Parkes

Chris Parkes

There is an alternative use of saga British company serving needs of retired people LHCb Upgrade – next 6 months will decide which outcome the community will choose UK flavour physics in retirement OR worthy deeds from worthy men and women ! Chris Parkes

Chris Parkes, University of Manchester LHCb Upgrade Summary 40 MHz Readout of all subdetectors Flexible Trigger Retain key LHCb advantages: Vertex Resolution Momentum resolution Particle ID Installation 2018 General Purpose Experiment for Forward region: Beauty, Charm, LFV, Electroweak, QCD, Exotica Chris Parkes, University of Manchester