The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths Chapter 12, part B The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths

The Algae Eukaryotic Unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular (thallic) Most are photoautotrophs

Algae Table 12.1

Figure 12.11a

Figure 12.12b

Phaeophyta Brown algae (kelp) Cellulose + alginic acid cell walls Multicellular Chlorophyll a and c, xanthophylls Store carbohydrates Harvested for algin Figure 12.11b

Rhodophyta Red algae Cellulose cell walls Most multicellular Chlorophyll a and d, phycobiliproteins Store glucose polymer Harvested for agar and carrageenan Figure 12.11c

Chlorophyta Green algae Cellulose cell walls Unicellular or multicellular Chlorophyll a and b Store glucose polymer Gave rise to plants Figure 12.12a

Bacillariophyta Diatoms Pectin and silica cell walls Unicellular Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthophylls Store oil Fossilized diatoms formed oil Produce domoic acid Figure 12.13

Dinoflagellata Dinoflagellates Cellulose in plasma membrane Unicellular Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthins Store starch Some are symbionts in marine animals Neurotoxins cause paralytic shellfish poisoning Figure 12.14

The Protozoa Table 12.1

Protozoa Eukaryotic Unicellular Chemoheterotrophs Vegetative form is a trophozoite Asexual reproduction by fission, budding, or schizogony Sexual reproduction by conjugation Some produce cysts Figure 12.16

Archaezoa No mitochondria Multiple flagella Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis (no cyst stage) Figure 12.17b-d

Microspora No mitochondria Nonmotile Intracellular parasites Nosema

Rhizopoda (amoebas) Move by pseudopods Entamoeba Acanthamoeba No jpeg for Figure 21.21 Figure 12.18a

Apicomplexa Nonmotile Intracellular parasites Complex life cycles Plasmodium Babesia Cryptosporidium Cyclospora

Plasmodium 1 2 9 3 Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction 8 4 5 7 6 Infected mosquito bites human; sporozoites migrate through bloodstream to liver of human 2 Sporozoites undergo schizogony in liver cell; merozoites are produced Sporozoites in salivary gland 9 Resulting sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito 3 Merozoites released into bloodsteam from liver may infect new red blood cells Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction 8 In mosquito’s digestive tract, gametocytes unite to form zygote Zygote Intermediate host Female gametocyte 4 Merozoite develops into ring stage in red blood cell Male gametocyte Ring stage 5 Ring stage grows and divides, producing merozoites Definitive host 7 Another mosquito bites infected humnan and ingests gametocytes 6 Merozoites are released when red blood cell ruptures; some merozoites infect new red blood cells, and some develop into male and female gametocytes Merozoites Figure 12.19

Cryptosporidium Figure 25.19

Ciliophora (ciliates) Move by cilia Complex cells Balantidium coli is the only human parasite Figure 12.20

Euglenozoa Move by flagella Photoautotrophs Euglenoids Chemoheterotrophs Naegleria Flagellated and amoeboid forms, meningoencephalitis Trypanosoma Undulating membrane, transmitted by vectors Leishmania Flagellated form in sand fly vector, ovoid form in vertebrate host

Euglenozoa Figure 12.21

Slime Molds

Cellular Slime Molds Cellular slime molds Plasmodial slime molds Resemble amoebas, ingest bacteria by phagocytosis Cells aggregate into stalked fruiting body. Some cells become spores Plasmodial slime molds Multinucleated large cells Cytoplasm separates into stalked sporangia Nuclei undergo meiosis and form uninucleate haploid spores

Cellular Slime Mold Figure 12.22

Plasmodial Slime Mold Figure 12.23