Chapter 5.. From Problems to Sources Manal Badhfer 201103056 Hawra Al-Zayer 201001667 Rawan Al-Ghamdi 201000915 Snmauah Al-Hawaj 201001325

Knowing how to use three kinds of sources.. Sources are conventionally categorized into three kinds: Primary sources.. Your main primary sources is usually the text you are studying, and your data are the word on the page. In such fields you can rarely write a research paper without using primary sources. Secondary sources.. Secondary sources are research reports that use primary data to solve research problems, written for scholarly and professional audiences. A secondary sources becomes a primary source when you study its argument as part of a debate in a field. Tertiary sources.. You can use tertiary source to get a feel for a topic. but if you use what you find in tertiary source to support a scholarly argument, most of your readers won't trust your report or you. Locating sources through a library.. If you have explored the farthest reaches of the Net, starting with a library may seem old-fashioned, but today's libraries connect you to the best online resources.

Planning your search.. The first step is to plan your search. Start with an overview of the research on your topic. Look it up in general or specialized. Then in reference works that summarize research in specific areas. Talk to librarians.. If this is your first shot at serious research, you might begin by talking to a reference librarian. They are usually ready to help you. " if u don't know , ask" Talk to experts.. You can also ask experts in a field to help you focus your topic and suggest sources. Start with your teacher, but don't expect her to have all the answers. Consult general reference works.. If you already know a lot about your topic, you probably also know how to find sources on it. If not, start by looking at the end of an article on your topic in a general. Consult specialized reference works.. If you are working in a particular field, look up your topic in a specialized or dictionary.

Searching for specific sources.. Search your library catalog, once you locate a few sources on your topic, you can expand your search in two ways: keyword searches and browsing. Consult online databases.. If you are sure that most of your sources will be in journals, skip the catalog and go right to your library's online journal databases. Prowl the stacks.. In many respects, doing research online is faster than on foot, but if you never go into the stacks of your library, you may miss crucial sources that you will fine only there. More important, you will miss the benefits of serendipity a chance encounter with a valuable source.

5.3 locating sources on the internet: Internet sources are usually not reliable. So if you put an internet source in you references, there is a very big chance for your reader to be questioning their accuracy. For you to avoid this problem you should: 1 use the internet freely for primary source. But avoid using it for secondary or more sources, unless you have the ability to prove that the website you used is reliable to your readers. 5.4 evaluating sources: Internet sources are While looking for sources, you are going to find more than you need, so evaluating your sources to find which ones are better to use : Using two ways :   If it is a book: 1 skim: _ The book index for keywords, then the pages that have more keywords. _ First and last paragraphs in chapters with more keywords. _ Prologues, introduction, summary, and so on.

_ Last chapter. _ Editors introduction(for edited books). _ Bibliography for titles relevant to your topic. If it is an article: _ Read abstract. _ Skim intro and conclusion. _ Skim for sec. headings( 1st and last paragraphs) _ Check the bibliography. If it is online: _ If it looks printed article, treat it like one. _ Skim sections labeled "introduction", "overview", "summary" or "about site" or something similar. _ If the site has link labeled "site map", "index" check for keywords. _ If the site has "search box" type the keywords.

Evaluating for reliability: _ Was it peer-reviewed? _ If the source is available only online, is it sponsored by a reputable organization? _ Is it current? _ If it is a book, does it have a notes and bibliography? _ If it is a website, does it include a bibliographical data? _ If it is a website, does it approach its judiciously? _ If it is a book, has it been well reviewed? _ Has it been frequently cited by others? 5-5 FOLLOWING BIBLIOGRAPHICAL TRAILS: Every research paper has bibliographically. So, if we want to read research paper we should to skim the bibliographically for it and to know what is the other sources for the book writer. That Makes the reader deliver to many sources which is very important to his research through all extensions.

5-6 LOOKING BEYOND PREDICTABLE SOURCES: when we will write general research paper we can take any available sources which is easy to find but if we will write a research paper to graduation or employment we should to take some development recourses which is advanced. 5-7 USING PEOPLE AS PRIMARY SOURCES: In some areas, you have to collect primary data from people, even if your research is not directly about them. They may provide useful information to you. The more you plan by determining exactly what you want to know, the more efficiently you will get what you need. Always be prepare so that you don’t question your source aimlessly.

*THE ETHICS OF USING PEOPLE AS SOURCES OF DATA* QUICK TIP : *THE ETHICS OF USING PEOPLE AS SOURCES OF DATA* Research using people may inadvertently harm them-not just physically but by embarrassing them, violating their privacy, and so on. Every college or university now has a human subjects committee that reviews all research directly or indirectly. Its aim is to ensure that researchers follow the maxim that should govern research as it does medicine. Consult with that committee if you use people as sources of data . If you don’t, you could harm those who help you and may even damage your institution.