COS 338 Day 1 Introduction

Agenda Roll Call Introduction to Course WebCT Overview Syllabus Review Introduction to Networking

INSTRUCTOR Tony Gauvin, Assistant Professor of E- Commerce Contact info 216 Nadeau TonyG@maine.edu (207) 834-7519 or ext 7519 WebCT (Tony Gauvin COS 125)

Instructional Philosophy Out-Come based education Would rather discuss than lecture Requires student preparation Hate grading assignments Especially LATE assignments Use class interaction, assignments, quizzes, labs and projects to determine if outcomes are met.

COS 338 Survival Primer Check WebCT Often Read Material BEFORE the class discussion Check WebCT Often Use the additional resources identified in syllabus ASK questions about what you didn’t understand in readings DON’T do assignments and projects at last minute. REVEIW lectures and notes Seek HELP if you are having difficulties OFFER feedback and suggestions to the instructor in a constructive manner

Computer Accounts Computer login MSDN Academic Alliance Access Cards Sys admin Pete Cyr (x7547) or Art Drolet (x7809) Applications MSDN Academic Alliance Free Stuff See Dr. Ray Albert Access Cards $10 deposit See Lisa Fournier

WebCT http://webct.umfk.maine.edu Login First name. Last Name John Doe  John.Doe Initial password is webct Help with WebCT available from Blake Library staff All quizzes and assignments will be administered from WebCT

COS 338 Specifics Fully WebCT enabled Market Driven Content All Quizzes, assignments, projects Market Driven Content Wireless, Ethernet, QOS, Security, Frame Relay, TCP/IP, Windows XP Cohesion Case First Bank of Paradise Managerial Perspectives instead of technical Lab Components Hands-on using OMS CIAG Lab Students will build a SOHO LAN with working apllications Simulations using Opnet IT Guru and ACE Follow-up Course Cos 420 Internet and Intranet Architecture will be much more technical and will be based on TCP/IP

Syllabus review Requirements Grading Course outline Special Notes Subject to change

Introduction Chapter 1 Panko’s Business Data Networks and Telecommunications, 5th edition Copyright 2005 Prentice-Hall

The Chapter This chapter is a survey of the key concepts we will see in this course The rest of the book essentially fleshes out out the concepts we will see in this chapter

The Chapter Networking is a Head Game There is a lot of information to master There are many TLAs (three-letter acronyms) For design and troubleshooting, you must know everything to do anything.

Learning Objectives By the end of this chapter, you should be able to Discuss the First Bank of Paradise (FBP), our running case study for this book. Discuss the major types of networked applications. List the eight elements of networks. Explain the major types of networks in businesses: LANs, WANs, internets, intranets, and extranets.

Learning Objectives By the end of this chapter, you should be able to Discuss major concerns for network managers: staffing, network architecture, standards, security, wireless networking, efficiency, and quality of service (QoS). Explain the elements and operation of a small home PC network using a LAN.

Learning Objectives By the end of this chapter, you should be able to Use some key hands-on network management tools, including bandwidth measurement services, ping, ping 127.0.0.1, tracert, ipconfig, winipconfig, nslookup, and the use of Windows Calculator to compute dotted decimal notation IP addresses.

First Bank of Paradise (FBP) The book’s cohesion case study Composite mid-size bank in Hawaii Banks are fairly “typical” firms, although they have stronger need for security Warren Chun is the chief information officer (CIO) Yvonne Champion is the network manager

First Bank of Paradise (FBP), Continued Annual Revenues: $4 Billion Operations 50 Branches 350 ATMs (Automated Teller Machines) Network 500 Ethernet switches 400 Routers

First Bank of Paradise (FBP), Continued Computers 2,000 desktop and notebook user PCs 200 Windows servers 30 Unix servers 10 Novell NetWare file servers Information Systems Staff 150 people

Figure 1-1: Networked Applications at the First Bank of Paradise Networked Applications are Applications Made Possible by Networking E-mail, etc. Users Only Care About Applications The rest is just details to them

Figure 1-1: Networked Applications at the First Bank of Paradise, Continued E-Commerce Buying and selling on the Internet Users typically interact with databases Customers will soon be able to talk to customer representatives while online

Figure 1-1: Networked Applications at the First Bank of Paradise, Continued Transaction Processing Simple, highly-structured, and high-volume interactions, such as check processing Built around databases External settlement networks

Figure 1-1: Networked Applications at the First Bank of Paradise, Continued Transaction Processing Back-office transaction processing applications Accounting, payroll, purchasing, human resources, etc. Functional databases in individual departments

Figure 1-1: Networked Applications at the First Bank of Paradise, Continued Office Applications Word processing, spreadsheeting, etc. E-mail, instant messaging (IM), and Web access

Figure 1-2: Elements of a Network Message (Frame) Application Application Client Station Switch Server Station Networks connect applications on different stations. Applications are all users care about Switch Trunk Line Access Line Switch Trunk Line Outside World Mobile Client Station Switch Router Mobile Client Station

Figure 1-2: Elements of a Network, Continued Message (Frame) Application Application Client Station Switch Server Station Networks connect stations: clients (fixed and mobile) and servers Switch Trunk Line Access Line Switch Trunk Line Outside World Mobile Client Station Switch Router Mobile Client Station

Figure 1-2: Elements of a Network, Continued Message (Frame) Application Application Client Station Switch Server Station The path a frame takes is called its data link Stations (and routers) usually communicate by sending messages called frames Switch Trunk Line Access Line Switch Trunk Line Outside World Mobile Client Station Switch Router Mobile Client Station

Figure 1-2: Elements of a Network, Continued Message (Frame) Application Application Client Station Switch Server Station Switch Trunk Line Access Line Switches move frames to or closer to the destination station Switches handle a packet sequentially Switch Trunk Line Outside World Mobile Client Station Switch Router Mobile Client Station

Figures 1-6 and 1-7: Workgroup and Core Switches 19 inches (48 cm) wide 19 inches (48 cm) wide Small Switches (Stacked): Workgroup Switches To Link Stations To Network Central Core Switch

Figure 1-2: Elements of a Network, Continued Message (Frame) Application Application Client Station Switch Server Station Routers connect networks to the outside world; Treated just like stations Switch Trunk Line Access Line Switch Trunk Line Outside World Mobile Client Station Switch Router Mobile Client Station

Figure 1-2: Elements of a Network, Continued Message (Frame) Application Application Access lines connect stations to switches Trunk lines connect switches to switches (and routers) Client Station Switch Server Station Switch Trunk Line Access Line Switch Trunk Line Outside World Trunk Line Mobile Client Station Switch Router Mobile Client Station

Figure 1-2: Elements of a Network (Recap) Applications (the only element that users care about) Stations Clients Servers Switches Routers Transmission Lines Trunk lines Access Lines Messages (Frames) Never talk about an Innovation “reducing cost,” “increasing speed,” etc. without specifying which element is cheaper or faster. For example, multiplexing only reduces the cost of trunk lines; other costs are not decreased

Figure 1-3: Multiplexing in a Packet-Switched Network Trunk line multiplexes the messages of different conversations AC AC Client Station A AC Server Station C AC AC BD AC Trunk Line This reduces trunk line costs through cost sharing by users BD Access Line BD BD Router D Mobile Client Station B

LANs and WANs LANs transmit data within corporate sites WANs transmit data between corporate sites Each LAN or WAN is a single network WAN

DAY 2 Agenda Questions? Assignment 1 due next class 8 elements of a network? Differences between LAN and WAN Assignment 1 due next class Opnet Lab 1 next class Read Home PC Network Lab Manual.pdf loaded in WebCT Today Finish Introduction Some Hands on Computer stuff

Figure 1-4: The First Bank of Paradise’s Wide Area Networks (WANs) North Shore Operations OC3 Private Line T3 T3 Bank has multiple facilities connected by multiple WANs Headquarters

Figure 1-5: Local Area Network (LAN) in a Large Building Multi-floor Office Building The bank has multiple LANs—one at each site

Figure 1-5: Local Area Network (LAN) in a Large Building, Continued Wall Jack Workgroup Switch Workgroup Switch To WAN Core Switch Router

Internets Most firms have multiple LANs and WANs. They must create internets An internet is a collection of networks connected by routers so that any application on any host on any single network can communicate with any application on any other host on any other network in the internet. Application Application LAN WAN LAN Router Router

Figure 1-8: Internet with Three Networks Host A R1 Packet Network X A packet goes all the way across the internet; It’s path is its route Network Y Route A-B Network Z R2 Host B

Figure 1-8: Internet with Three Networks, Continued Messages in single networks (LANs or WANs) are called frames Message in internets are called packets Travel from the source host to the destination host across the entire internet Within a single network, the packet is encapsulated in (carried in) the network’s frame Package (Packet) Truck (frame) Packet Frame

Figure 1-8: Internet with Three Networks, Continued Frame X Details in Network X Packet Data Link A-R1 Switch Host A Switch Server Host Switch X1 Mobile Client Host Switch X2 Route A-B Router R1 Network X

Figure 1-8: Internet with Three Networks, Continued Details in Network Y To Network X Route A-B Router R1 Frame Y Data Link R1-R2 Packet To Network Z Router R2 Network Y

Figure 1-8: Internet with Three Networks, Continued Details in Network Z Packet Data Link R2-B Frame Z Switch Z1 Host B Switch Router R2 Switch Z2 Mobile Client Hosts Switch Router Network Z

Figure 1-8: Internet with Three Networks, Continued In this internet with three networks, in a transmission, There is one packet There are three frames (one in each network) If a packet in an internet must pass through N networks, How many packets will be sent? How many frames must carry the packet?

Figure 1-8: Internet with Three Networks, Continued Lower-case internet is any internet Upper-case Internet is the global Internet

NAP = Network Access Point Figure 1-11: The Internet Webserver User PC The Internet Backbone (Multiple Carriers) Access Line Access Line Router NAP NAP ISP 2 NAP ISP 4 ISP 1 ISP 3 Internet Service Provider For User PC Internet Service Provider For Webserver NAP = Network Access Point

Figures 1-9 and 1-10: Routers 19 inches (48 cm) wide 19 inches (48 cm) wide Small Routers Stacked For Branch Offices Large Routers for Large Sites and ISPs

Figure 1-12: The Internet, internets, Intranets, and Extranets internets versus the Internet Intranets Internal internet for use within an organization Based on the TCP/IP standards created for the Internet Extranets Connect multiple firms Only some computers from each firm are on the extranet Use TCP/IP standards

Recap Switches versus Routers Messages Switches move frames through single networks (LANs or WANs) Routers move packets through internets Messages Messages in single networks are called frames Messages in internets are called packets Packets are encapsulated within frames

Figure 1-13: Major Network Technical Concerns Network Architecture A broad plan for how the firm will connect all of its computers within buildings (local area networks), between sites (wide area networks), and to the Internet New systems must fit the rules of the architecture Undisciplined growth in the past No overall plan

Figure 1-13: Major Network Technical Concerns, Continued Network Architecture Legacy networks Use obsolete technologies that do not fit the long-term architecture Many exist in the bank Too expensive to replace quickly; must live with many for awhile

Figure 1-13: Major Network Technical Concerns, Continued Network Architecture Scalability The ability of selected technologies to be able to handle growth efficiently Poor Scalability Cost Per Bit Good Scalability Demand

Figure 1-13: Major Network Technical Concerns, Continued Standards Standards govern message interactions between pairs of entities (Figure 1-14) For example, HTTP request and response messages for WWW access Webserver HTTP Request Message Browser Client Program Webserver Application Server Program HTTP Response Message Client PC

Figure 1-13: Major Network Technical Concerns, Continued Standards Standards create competition This reduces costs It also stimulates the development of new features Protects the business if the main vendors go out of business

Figure 1-13: Major Network Technical Concerns, Continued Standards Competing standards organizations create incompatible standards FBP will standardize to save money LANs: FBP will standardize on Ethernet (some legacy LAN technologies are still in use) WAN standards: will have fewer but still two to four Internetworking: will standardize on TCP/IP

Figure 1-13: Major Network Technical Concerns, Continued Security A Major Problem Many attacks Growing trend toward criminal attackers

Figure 1-15: Firewalls Allowed Legitimate Packet Border Firewall Attacker Hardened Server Border firewall should pass legitimate packets Legitimate Packet Hardened Client PC Legitimate Host Log File Internal Corporate Network

Figure 1-15: Firewalls, Continued Border Firewall Attack Packet Attacker Border firewall should deny (drop) and log attack packets Hardened Server Denied Attack Packet Hardened Client PC Legitimate Host Log File Internal Corporate Network Network Management Console

Figure 1-13: Major Network Technical Concerns, Continued Security Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) (Figure 1-16) Provide communication over the Internet with added security Cryptographic protection for confidentiality (eavesdroppers cannot read) Cryptographic authentication (confirms sender’s identity)

Figure 1-16: Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) Site-to-Site VPN Using Gateway VPN Gateway Client PC 1 VPN Gateway Remote Access VPN Using Gateway Corporate Site B Internal Server Internet Remote Client PC 2 Host-to-Host VPN Corporate Site A Remote Client PC 3

Figure 1-13: Major Network Management Concerns, Continued Wireless Communication To improve mobility Drive-by hackers can eavesdrop on internal communication Drive-by hackers can break into the network bypassing firewalls Drive-By Hacker

Figure 1-13: Major Network Technical Concerns, Continued Need for Efficiency User demand is growing rapidly Budgets are growing slowly if at all For projects, need burning justification Still add new services by squeezing maximum payback from each dollar User Demand Money/ Demand Budget Time

Figure 1-13: Major Network Technical Concerns, Continued QoS Quality of Service (QoS) Numerical objectives for performance Transmission speed in bits per second (bps) A bit is a single one or zero NOT bytes per second Increase by factors of 1000, not 1024 kilobits per second (kbps)—lower-case k Megabits per second (Mbps) Gigabits per second (Gbps) Terabits per second (Tbps)

Figure 1-13: Major Network Technical Concerns, Continued Quality of Service For Transmission Speed, have 1 to 3 places BEFORE the decimal point. Example .5 Mbps is wrong 500 kbps is correct 2,300 Mbps is wrong 2.3 Gbps is correct 473.2 Mbps is correct New Not in the Book

Figure 1-13: Major Network Technical Concerns, Continued Quality of Service Typical transmission speeds in most firms: LANs: 100 Mbps to each desktop WANs: most site-to-site links only are 56 kbps to a few megabits per second because long-distance transmission is very expensive and so must be used more sparingly LANs: 100 Mbps WANs: 56 kbps to a few Mbps

Figure 1-13: Major Network Technical Concerns, Continued Quality of Service Congestion, Throughput, Latency, and Response Time Congestion: when there is too much traffic for the network’s capacity Throughput: The speed users actually see (often much less than rated speed) Individual throughput is less than total throughput on shared-speed links

Figure 1-13: Major Network Technical Concerns, Continued Quality of Service Congestion, Throughput, Latency, and Response Time Latency: delay (usually measured in milliseconds or ms) Within corporations, latency is typically under 60 ms 90% of the time On the Internet, typically 30 ms to 150 ms

Checking latency Use Ping Start -> Run-> cmd Try ping 127.0.0.1

Checking throughput Use an available bandwidth tester on the Internet http://reviews-zdnet.com.com/Bandwidth_meter/7004-7254_16-0.html?tag=is http://www.dslreports.com http://www.bandwidthplace.com/speedtest/

Other XP Command line networking tools Start -> run -> cmd ipconfig /all /release /renew Show tcp/ip settings Tracert Shows path of packet through Internet nslookup Does DNS testing

Figure 1-13: Major Network Technical Concerns, Continued Quality of Service Congestion, Throughput, Latency, and Response Time Response Time The time to get a response after a user issues a command A quarter second or less is good

Figure 1-13: Major Network Technical Concerns, Continued Availability Availability is the percentage of time a network can be used Downtime: when the user cannot use the network Want 24x7 availability Telephone network gives 99.999% availability Typical networks reach 98% today

Figure 1-13: Major Network Technical Concerns, Continued Error Rate Measured as the percentage of messages damaged or lost Substantial error rates can disrupt applications Substantial error rates generate more network traffic because of retransmissions

Pat Lee’s Home Network Pat Lee is a vice president at FBP Wants a network in her home Family’s main computer is the downstairs PC Daughter Emily has a PC in her room Wants to connect both to the Internet through a broadband (high-speed) cable modem service Perspective A small LAN but has all the key network elements

Figure 1-18: Pat Lee’s Home Network 2. Cable Modem 1. Coaxial Cable to ISP 3. UTP Cord 4. Access Router

Figure 1-22: Home Network Access Router About 4 inches (10 cm) Wide Switch Ports UTP Cords Run to Stations Power Jack for External WAN Port UTP Cord Runs to Cable Modem

Figure 1-18: Pat Lee’s Home Network, Continued 6. A1-BD-33-6E-C7-BB PC in Emily’s Room 5. UTP Cord 5. UTP Cord 6. B2-CD-13-5B-E4-65 PC in Study

Figure 1-18: Pat Lee’s Home Network, Continued 6. A1-BD-33-6E-C7-BB PC in Emily’s Room 7. File Sharing 6. B2-CD-13-5B-E4-65 PC in Study

Figure 1-18: Pat Lee’s Home Network, Continued 6. A1-BD-33-6E-C7-BB PC in Emily’s Room 8. Printer Sharing 6. B2-CD-13-5B-E4-65 PC in Study

Figure 1-19: Network Interface Cards (NICs) (Photo) PC Card NIC. Installed in PC Card slot in notebook and some PDAs. Internal NIC. Installed inside systems unit. Plugged into expansion slot on the mother board.

Internal NIC RJ-45 Jack PCI Connector Pins

Computer Mother Board Mother Board PCI Slots for Expansion Boards (NICs, etc.) Slot for Microprocessor (Pentium 4) Slots for RAM

Mother Board and Expansion Boards (NIC) Connector Expansion Slots Mother Board

4-Pair Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Figure 1-20: Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cord With RJ-45 Connector (Photo) 4-Pair Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Industry Standard Pen 8-Pin RJ-45 Connector UTP Cord

Figure 1-21: UTP Cord RJ-45 Connector and Jack RJ-45 Jack On a Wall On a Switch or On a NIC UTP Cord --- About as thick as a pencil Rugged and Flexible RJ-45 Connector

Figure 1-23: Logical Functions of the Access Router Cable Modem Access Router Router Function DHCP Server Function NAT Function Switch Function

Figure 1-24: Ethernet Switch Operation Switching Table Port Host 10 A1-44-D5-1F-AA-4C 13 B2-CD-13-5B-E4-65 15 C3-2D-55-3B-A9-4F 16 D4-47-55-C4-B6-9F Ethernet Switch UTP D4-47-55-C4-B6-9F UTP UTP UTP Frame To C3… Frame To C3… C3-2D-55-3B-A9-4F A1-44-D5-1F-AA-4C B2-CD-13-5B-E4-65

Figure 1-25: Frames and Packets A1-BD-33-6E-C7-BB IP address = 192.168.0.3 PC in Emily’s Room Cable Modem Packet in DOCIS Frame Internal Router Packet in Ethernet Frame Access Router Packet is always carried (encapsulated) in a frame B2-CD-13-5B-E4-65 IP address = 192.168.0.2 PC in Study

Figure 1-26: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) A1-BD-33-6E-C7-BB PC in Emily’s Room Cable Modem 1. IP Address = 60.47.112.6 The ISP only Gives each home a Single IP address ISP DHCP Server B2-CD-13-5B-E4-65 PC in Study Access Router A DHCP Server provides User PCs with a temporary IP Address each time the user connects to the Internet

Figure 1-26: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Continued A1-BD-33-6E-C7-BB IP address = 192.168.0.3 PC in Emily’s Room Cable Modem 1. IP Address = 60.47.112.6 Internal DHCP Server ISP DHCP Server 2. IP Address = 192.168.0.3 Access Router 2. IP Address = 192.168.0.2 The access router’s Internal DHCP server Gives private IP Addresses to each PC B2-CD-13-5B-E4-65 IP address = 192.168.0.2 PC in Study

Figure 1-27: Network Address Translation (NAT) 2. Packet from 60.47.112.6 Cable Modem Internal NAT Module Webserver IP address= 123.7.86.285 1. Packet from 192.168.0.2 Access Router The access router’s NAT module translates between the private IP addresses and the single ISP-given IP address PC in Study 192.168.0.2

Figure 1-27: Network Address Translation (NAT), Continued 3. Packet to 60.47.112.6 Cable Modem Internal NAT Module Webserver IP address= 123.7.86.285 4. Packet to 192.168.0.2 Access Router PC in Study 192.168.0.2

Figure 1-28: The Domain Name System (DNS), Continued DNS Table Host Name IP Address … … Voyager.cba.hawaii.edu 128.171.17.13 Originating Host’s DNS Resolver DNS Request Message “The host name is Voyager.cba.hawaii.edu” DNS Response Message “The IP address is 128.171.17.13” DNS Host

Other XP Command line networking tools Start -> run -> cmd nslookup Does DNS testing Try nslookup mail.maine.edu

Figure 1-29: Converting Binary IP Addresses to Dotted Decimal Notation 01111111101010110001000100001101 8-Bit Segments 01111111 10101011 00010001 00001101 Convert Segments to Decimal 127 171 17 13 Dotted Decimal Notation 127.171.17.13

Figure 1-30: Windows Calculator 1. Open Calculator, which is in the Program Group Accessories 2. Select View, Scientific

Figure 1-30: Windows Calculator 4. Enter data on keypad (Limit is 8 bits for Binary) 3. Enter initial data type here Dec = Decimal Bin = Binary

Figure 1-30: Windows Calculator 6. Observe answer Initial zeros are dropped, so answer is 0001 0111 5. Enter final data type here, observe results

Topics Covered The First Bank of Paradise Networked Applications Packet switching and Multiplexing LANs versus WANs Within a site versus between sites

Elements of a Network Message (Frame) Application Application Client Station Switch Server Station Switch Trunk Line Access Line Switch Trunk Line Outside World Mobile Client Station Switch Router Mobile Client Station

Topics Covered Internets Categories Routers Packets carried within frames Categories The Internet: ISPs and NATs Intranets Extranets Package (Packet) Truck (frame)

Topics Covered Network Architecture The Need Legacy Networks Scalability Standards Need for Efficiency

Topics Covered Security Firewalls VPNs Wireless Communication

Topics Covered Quality of Service (QoS) Numerical objectives that must be met Speed and throughput Latency Response time Availability Error rate

Topics Covered: Pat Lee’s Home Network 2. Cable Modem 6. A1-BD-33-6E-C7-BB PC in Emily’s Room 1. Coaxial Cable to ISP 3. UTP Cord 5. UTP Cord 7. File Sharing 4. Access Router 5. UTP Cord 6. B2-CD-13-5B-E4-65 PC in Study 8. Printer Sharing

Topics Covered: Pat Lee’s Home Network DHCP NAT DNS