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Chapter 25 Table of Contents Section 1 Characteristics of Protists Section 2 Animal-like Protists Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Section 4 Protists and Humans

Chapter 25 Objectives Section 1 Characteristics of Protists Define protist. Describe a hypothesis for the origin of eukaryotic cells. Explain how protists are classified. Describe the two major ways by which protists obtain energy. List three structures protists use for movement. Describe how protists reproduce.

A Diverse Group of Eukaryotes Section 1 Characteristics of Protists Chapter 25 A Diverse Group of Eukaryotes Protists are unicellular or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, fungi, or animals. Made of eukaryotic cells, containing nucleus and other organelles

Characteristics of Protists Section 1 Characteristics of Protists Chapter 25 Characteristics of Protists Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

A Diverse Group of Eukaryotes, continued Section 1 Characteristics of Protists Chapter 25 A Diverse Group of Eukaryotes, continued The First Eukaryotes Evidence suggests that the first protists arose from endosymbiotic prokaryotes.

Origin of Eukaryotic Cells Section 1 Characteristics of Protists Chapter 25 Origin of Eukaryotic Cells Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 25 Classification Section 1 Characteristics of Protists Chapter 25 Classification Protists are classified by the characteristics that make them fungus-like, plant-like, or animal-like.

Chapter 25 Characteristics Unicellular and Multicellular Section 1 Characteristics of Protists Chapter 25 Characteristics Unicellular and Multicellular Most protists are unicellular, but some form large, multicellular bodies.

Comparing Organisms that are Unicellular and Multicellular Section 1 Characteristics of Protists Chapter 25 Comparing Organisms that are Unicellular and Multicellular Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Characteristics, continued Section 1 Characteristics of Protists Chapter 25 Characteristics, continued Nutrition Many protists are autotrophs, organisms that make their own food. Phototrophs – use sunlight for energy to make food Chemotrophs- use chemicals for energy to make food Other protists are heterotrophs, organisms that must get their food by eating other organisms or their byproducts.

Characteristics, continued Section 1 Characteristics of Protists Chapter 25 Characteristics, continued Motility Protists use flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia for locomotion.

Chapter 25 Reproduction Many protists reproduce asexually… Section 1 Characteristics of Protists Chapter 25 Reproduction Many protists reproduce asexually… Binary fission: asexual reproduction where a single cell splits into two cells Multiple fission: a form of cell division that produces more than two offspring from one cell

Chapter 25 Reproduction (cont…) Sexual Reproduction… Section 1 Characteristics of Protists Chapter 25 Reproduction (cont…) Sexual Reproduction… Offspring are genetically different Conjugation: two individuals join and exchange genetic material stored in a small second nucleus, then the cell divides into four offspring Some protists do this during stressful environmental conditions

Section 1 Characteristics of Protists Chapter 25 Protist Reproduction

Chapter 25 Objectives Section 2 Animal-like Protists Discuss the key characteristics of Protozoa, Ciliophora, Sarcomastigophora, and Apicomplexa. Describe how protozoa use pseudopodia to move and to capture food. Explain how ciliates move and reproduce. Describe how mastigophorans move and capture food. Describe the role of apicomplexans in disease.

Chapter 25 Phylum Protozoa Section 2 Animal-like Protists Chapter 25 Phylum Protozoa Animal-like protists can be found in the phylum Protozoa. Protozoa use large, rounded, cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia for both movement and feeding.

Phylum Protozoa, continued Section 2 Animal-like Protists Chapter 25 Phylum Protozoa, continued Protozoan Diversity Protozoans include organisms that inhabit the oceans, lakes, soil and even the human intestines. Example - amoeba

Phylum Ciliophora Characteristics Section 2 Animal-like Protists Chapter 25 Phylum Ciliophora Characteristics Animal-like protists include the phylum Ciliophora. Ciliates move using cilia, which are short, hairlike, cytoplasmic projections that line the cell membrane.

Section 2 Animal-like Protists Chapter 25 Paramecium

Phylum Ciliophora Characteristics (cont.) Section 2 Animal-like Protists Chapter 25 Phylum Ciliophora Characteristics (cont.) Ciliates have the most elaborate organelles, (ex. oral groove, mouth pore, gullet, food and contractile vacuoles, & anal pore) including two types of nuclei. Large macronucleus – contains multiple copies of DNA Directs cell metabolism & development Smaller micronucleus – exchanges genetic material (DNA) during conjugation

Feeding Habits of a Ciliate Section 2 Animal-like Protists Chapter 25 Feeding Habits of a Ciliate Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Phylum Ciliophora, continued Section 2 Animal-like Protists Chapter 25 Phylum Ciliophora, continued Reproduction Ciliates reproduce asexually by binary fission and sexually by conjugation. Example: paramecium

Phylum Sarcomastigophora Section 2 Animal-like Protists Chapter 25 Phylum Sarcomastigophora Animal-like protists include the phyla Protozoa, Sarcomastigophora. For locomotion, sarcomastigophorans use flagella. Example: Trypanosomes These organisms cause African Sleeping Sickness Spread by tsetse flies

Chapter 25 Phylum Apicomplexa Section 2 Animal-like Protists Chapter 25 Phylum Apicomplexa Animal-like protists include the phyla Apicomplexa. These protists are animal parasites. Example: Plasmodium; these cause malaria

Types of Animal-like Protists Section 2 Animal-like Protists Chapter 25 Types of Animal-like Protists Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 25 Objectives Describe four main body forms of algae. Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Objectives Describe four main body forms of algae. List the common name for each of the seven phyla of plantlike protists. Explain how green algae and plants are similar. Describe four phyla of funguslike protists. Compare plasmodial slime molds, cellular slime molds, and water molds.

Characteristics of Algae Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Characteristics of Algae Algae are autotrophic protists can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, or multicellular. Found in both fresh & salt water Some have structures to help them anchor, reproduce, & move

Characteristics of Algae (cont.) Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Characteristics of Algae (cont.) Algae are classified based on… Types of pigments Form of food storage Cell-wall composition Seven phyla of plantlike protists are Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, Bacillariophyta, Dinoflagellata, Chrysophyta, and Euglenophyta.

Chapter 25 Plantlike Protists Phylum Chlorophyta (Green Algae) Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Plantlike Protists Phylum Chlorophyta (Green Algae) The phylum Chlorophyta contains more than 17,000 identified species of protists called green algae. Both green algae and plants have chlorophylls a & b and accessory pigments, store food as starch, and have cell walls made up of cellulose.

Plantlike Protists, continued Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Plantlike Protists, continued Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) The phylum Phaeophyta includes approximately 1,500 species of multicellular (most plant like) organisms called brown algae. Brown algae are mostly marine organisms, and they include plantlike seaweeds and kelps.

Plantlike Protists, continued Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Plantlike Protists, continued Phylum Rhodophyta (Red Algae) The 4,000 species in the phylum Rhodophyta are known as red algae. Contain chlorophyll a and phycobilins (absorb light waves that penetrate deep into the water) A few species of red algae live in fresh water or on land, but most red algae are marine seaweeds.

Plantlike Protists, continued Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Plantlike Protists, continued Phylum Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) The phylum Bacillariophyta contains as many as 100,000 species of unicellular protists called diatoms. Have silica cells walls called shells that fit together in two pieces Abundant component of phytoplankton and major producers

Plantlike Protists, continued Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Plantlike Protists, continued Phylum Dinoflagellata (Dinoflagellates) More than 2,000 species of organisms called dinoflagellates make up the phylum Dinoflagellata. Some species of dinoflagellates, such as those in genus Noctiluca, can produce bioluminescence, a display of sparkling light often seen in ocean water at night.

Plantlike Protists, continued Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Plantlike Protists, continued Phylum Chrysophyta (Golden Algae) The phylum Chrysophyta contains about 1,000 species of golden algae. Most golden algae live in fresh water, but a few species are found in marine environments.

Plantlike Protists, continued Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Plantlike Protists, continued Phylum Euglenophyta (Euglenoids) The phylum Euglenophyta contains about 1,000 species of flagellated unicellular algae called euglenoids. Euglenoids are both plantlike and animal-like. Many are autotrophic, like plants, but they lack a cell wall and are highly motile, like animals.

Chapter 25 Structure of Euglena Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Structure of Euglena

Chapter 25 Funguslike Protists Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Funguslike Protists Biologists recognize two groups of funguslike protists: slime molds and water molds.

Funguslike Protists, continued Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Funguslike Protists, continued Phylum Myxomycota (Plasmodial Slime Molds) Plasmodial slime molds are multinucleate. Technically one cell because only 1 cell membrane As the plasmodium creeps along the forest floor by cytoplasmic streaming, it consumes decaying leaves and other debris by phagocytosis.

Funguslike Protists, continued Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Funguslike Protists, continued Phylum Dictyostelida (Cellular Slime Mold) Cellular slime molds live as individual haploid cells that move about like amoebas. Each cell moves as an independent organism, creeping over the ground or swimming in fresh water and ingesting food.

Funguslike Protists, continued Phylum Dictyostelida (Cellular Slime Mold) When food or water become scarce, release a chemical to attract other nearby cells to form a dense structure called pseudoplasmodium (eventually settles and reproduces starting cycle over again)

Funguslike Protists, continued Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Funguslike Protists, continued Phylum Oomycota (Water Molds) Water molds are composed of branching filaments and many of this phylum are parasitic.

Funguslike Protists, continued Section 3 Plantlike and Funguslike Protists Chapter 25 Funguslike Protists, continued Phylum Chytridiomycota (Water Molds) Members of phylum Chytridiomycota, or the chytrids, are primarily aquatic protists characterized by gametes and zoospores with a single, posterior flagellum.

Chapter 25 Objectives Section 4 Protists and Humans State four environmental roles of protists. Describe algal blooms and red tides and their impact. State an important role for protists in research. List a use of protists as food and three uses of protist byproducts. Describe four protist-caused diseases.

Protists in the Environment Section 4 Protists and Humans Chapter 25 Protists in the Environment Photosynthetic protists are foundation of many food chains and produce large amounts of oxygen Play important role in carbon cycle and form many symbiotic relationships (coral, lichen) Recycle materials

Protists in the Environment, continued Section 4 Protists and Humans Chapter 25 Protists in the Environment, continued Algal blooms can lead to the depletion of oxygen in water. One cause is high nutrient concentrations in water Red tides (type of algal bloom) produce harmful toxins.

Chapter 25 Protists in Research Section 4 Protists and Humans Chapter 25 Protists in Research Research on protists has helped biologists understand a number of fundamental cellular functions, such as leukocyte movement (chemotaxis).

Chapter 25 Protists in Industry Protists as Food Section 4 Protists and Humans Chapter 25 Protists in Industry Protists as Food For thousands of years, humans have been collecting seaweeds for food.

Protists in Industry, continued Section 4 Protists and Humans Chapter 25 Protists in Industry, continued Protist Byproducts Protists provide important byproducts, such as alginate, carrageenan, and agar. These are used in cosmetics, food products, textiles, medical dressings Diatomaceous earth is used in detergents, paint removers, toothpaste, and as a natural insecticide

Chapter 25 Protists and Health Section 4 Protists and Humans Chapter 25 Protists and Health Parasitic protists cause malaria, giardiasis, amebiasis, cryptosporidiosis, trichomoniasis, and African sleeping sickness in humans. Giardiasis severe diarrhea and intestinal cramps get from drinking contaminated water Sleeping sickness Protist that causes it spread by tsetse fly

Chapter 25 Protists and Health Malaria Section 4 Protists and Humans Chapter 25 Protists and Health Malaria Parasitic protists in the genus Plasmodium cause malaria, which is characterized by severe chills, headache, fever, and fatigue. Each year, nearly 3 million people die from malaria.

Life Cycle of Plasmodium Section 4 Protists and Humans Chapter 25 Life Cycle of Plasmodium

Chapter 25 Malaria Life Cycle Section 4 Protists and Humans Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Chapter 25 Multiple Choice Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. Most scientists believe that protists evolved from which of the following? A. fungi B. plants C. euglenoids D. prokaryotes

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 25 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. Most scientists believe that protists evolved from which of the following? A. fungi B. plants C. euglenoids D. prokaryotes

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 25 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Protist habitats are often characterized by the presence of which of the following? F. soil G. algae H. blood J. moisture

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 25 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Protist habitats are often characterized by the presence of which of the following? F. soil G. algae H. blood J. moisture

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 25 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Flagella are characteristic of members of which phylum? A. Protozoa B. Ciliophora C. Apicomplexa D. Sarcomastigophora

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 25 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Flagella are characteristic of members of which phylum? A. Protozoa B. Ciliophora C. Apicomplexa D. Sarcomastigophora

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 25 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the table below to answer questions 4 - 5. The table shows cases of amebiasis and malaria in the United States between 1986 and 1994.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 25 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. How many people had malaria in 1992? F. 1,087 G. 1,229 H. 1,292 J. 2,942

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 25 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. How many people had malaria in 1992? F. 1,087 G. 1,229 H. 1,292 J. 2,942

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 25 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. How did the number of cases of amebiasis change between 1986 and 1994? A. The number of cases increased. B. The number of cases decreased. C. The number of cases stayed the same. D. The number of cases increased, then decreased.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 25 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 5. How did the number of cases of amebiasis change between 1986 and 1994? A. The number of cases increased. B. The number of cases decreased. C. The number of cases stayed the same. D. The number of cases increased, then decreased.

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 25 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Complete the following analogy: 6. Bacillariophyta : autotrophs :: Apicomplexa : F. cilia G. flagella H. parasites J. plasmodium

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 25 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Complete the following analogy: 6. Bacillariophyta : autotrophs :: Apicomplexa : F. cilia G. flagella H. parasites J. plasmodium

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 25 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the graph below to answer question 7. The graph shows the cycle of fever in a malaria patient. 7. In this patient, how often does the cycle of fever repeat? A. every 12 h B. every 24 h C. every 48 h D. every 96 h

Multiple Choice, continued Chapter 25 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Use the graph below to answer question 7. The graph shows the cycle of fever in a malaria patient. 7. In this patient, how often does the cycle of fever repeat? A. every 12 h B. every 24 h C. every 48 h D. every 96 h

Chapter 25 Short Response Anopheles mosquitoes require water to breed. Standardized Test Prep Short Response Anopheles mosquitoes require water to breed. What would happen to malaria cases during a dry season and during a wet season?

Short Response, continued Chapter 25 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued Anopheles mosquitoes require water to breed. What would happen to malaria cases during a dry season and during a wet season? Answer: During the dry season, malaria cases would decrease because there are fewer mosquitoes. Cases would increase during the wet season because there are more mosquitoes.

Chapter 25 Extended Response Standardized Test Prep Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below. A scientist wants to examine the effect of fertilizer on algal blooms. In the laboratory, the scientist adds increasing amounts of fertilizer to three samples of pond water and adds no fertilizer to a fourth sample of pond water. Part A Which samples will show increased algal growth? Explain your answer. Part B How can the scientist apply his or her laboratory results to a natural ecosystem? Compare the scientist’s experiment to a natural ecosystem, such as a pond.

Extended Response, continued Chapter 25 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A All of the samples to which fertilizer was added should show increased algal growth in proportion to the amount of fertilizer added. The nutrients in fertilizer promote algal growth. Part B Sample answer: The scientist can study water samples from the environment for the amount of fertilizer in each. He or she can then compare the water samples to his laboratory results. The scientist’s experiment lacks some of the factors found in ecosystems, such as algal consumers, changes in weather, and additional nutrients.