Home Water Treatment Conventional & new low cost options Henk Holtslag Urs Heierli www.300in6.org

Why HWT? Diarrhoea kills more young children than AIDS + malaria + measles (UNICEF 2009) Water from piped systems often not safe (Re)contamination between source & use High benefits; 60 x investment (WHO 2008) Only way to reach all 84% of unserved live in in rural areas. (UNICEF 2008) Safe water seems most effective to reduce poverty (UN university 2008)

Proposition Water quality problems of the MDG target group can be solved with a one-time investment of $2 / capita

The problem 1 Volume < 20 l /day/pp 2 Distance > 500 meter 880 mln. without access to a safe water source and many more drink unsafe water 1 Volume < 20 l /day/pp 2 Distance > 500 meter 3 Quality - Turbidity, (40% of 880?) - Pathogens, Viruses - Arsenic, Pesticides, ..

More water? Harvest rainwater with; Aquifer recharge - Sand, contour dams - Vegetation, Vertiver - Tube recharge, $5/50m3 Rooftop harvesting - Wire cement tanks, $20/m3 - Plastic lined tank

Reduce distance? Repair existing pumps Upgrade hand dug wells - 50% of piston pumps broken Upgrade hand dug wells - with a recharge, cover, low cost hand pump, filter Increase manual drilling - Jetting, Augering - Rota sludge, Baptist. $200-$500 - Mac Perfor $400 – $1000 /bore

Lessons learned for sustainability Repairability Simple, affordable, available Adapt technology to the people Not the other way around Profit for all involved, private sector Profit based sustainability, supply chain 3 Cs for marketing: Cost, .. Simple is not easy

Low cost HWT options Disinfection Filters - Boiling, chlorine, Sodis, UV, PUR,.. - New; Watasol, Twinoxide, Silverdyne, Plation, Silver tube Filters - Candle or drip filters, Bisosand, Potfilters - New; Pureit, Swach,Life straw, Siphon filter

Data on next slides Users = estimated number of users by 2009 Price = retailprice in shops Cost = cost / person / year (based on 3 liters of drinkingwater/ person/ day) + = Advantages - = Disadvantages

Boiling Number of users; 400 mln.? Cost/pp/year; 1 kg wood/liter + Advantages - Easy - Very effective - Disadvantages - High cost; if people have to buy wood - Time; to cool down - Taste; flat taste - Danger; accidents with hot water - Indoor pollution (20- ? % of cooking is for water) - Deforestation, CO2 emission

SODIS Bacteria eliminated in 6 hours Users: 1 – 2 mln. Cost: $0 - $.. + - Low cost - Second use of bottles - Bottles available in many places - - Requires much social marketing (most stop 3 months after training) - Not a market product (Nobody earns money)

Chlorine Users; 10 - 20 ? Mln. Price: $ 0.5 - $ 2 Cost; $ 0.3 - $ 1 + - Eliminates Bacteria & Viruses - Low monthly investment - - Taste, smell - Health effects in long term? - Requires routine - Liquid has short shelf life

Local Chlorine production WATASOL Users; over 0.5 Million Price; $0.3 - $ 1.0 Cost; $0.1 - $ 0.5 + - Extremely low costs - Local business development - Re-use of bottles - Can be used as disinfectant - - Requires much training

Disinfectant/Flocculant Users; 1 mln.? Price; $0.1- $0.2 (sachet 20 ltr.) Cost; $5 - $10 + - 2 functions - Small - Easy transport in emergencies - Low investment/day - - High cost/year - Not easy in use

Twinoxide Users; 0,2 mln. Price ; $1 Cost; $2- $4 + - No taste & smell - No health effects - “Prevents” malaria - - Only used in India - Shelf life three months

Silverdyne Users; 9 mln. Price; $3 - $4 Cost; $1 - $3 + - Very effective - No taste & smell - No environmental effects - Ten years shelf life - Long lasting effect in storage - - Not widely known

Plation Safe storage Users; 0.5 ? mln. Price; $20/unit/20ltr Cost; $4 - $6 + - Extremely simple - Functions one year - - High costs

Silver tube, Clay bar Silver impregnated ceramic Users; 1000 Price; $1 - $5 Cost; $0.2 - $1 + - Simple - Low cost - Local production - - More tests needed

Biosand filter Users; 1-2 mln. Price; $20- $30 Cost; $1- $ 2 + - 120 liters/day - Local production - - Big, heavy to transport - Not an off-the-shelf product less attractive for shops - Needs additional disinfection

Candle Filters (drip filters) Users; 200 - 300? Mln. Price; $15 - $100 Cost; $ 2 - $10 + - Includes storage - Easy to use - Widely used in Asia & S. America - - Low filter capacity - Most cheap models not reliable - High transport costs - Cost in Africa > $30

Candle filters Stefani (Brazil) Cost in Mozambique $30 - $100 Production 5 million candles/year

Pot filters Users; 1.5 – 2 mln. Price; $12 – $22 Cost; $ 1.5 - $ 3 + - Local production - Easy to use - - Big, fragile (transport) - Less attractive for shops

Pureit As safe as boiled water Users; 1-2 mln. Price; $35 Cost; $4 - $5 + - Attractive - Very effective, EPA std. - - Expensive for poor families - Only in India

Swach Users; New? Price; $20? Cost; $2 - $3 + - Attractive (Gadget) - Effective - - Only available in India - Expensive for poor families

LifeStraw-Family Users; 2 - 4? Mln. Price; $25 - $ ? Cost; $ 2 - $ ? + - Attractive (Gadget) - Very effective, EPA std. - - High filling point, 2ltr. cap. - After 15.000 ltr. complete new filter needed - Expensive for poor families

Siphon filter Users; 0.3mln. Price; $8 - $12 Cost; $1- $1.5 + - Small, easy transport - 7000 ltr / element - 60-120 ltr / day - Reduction bact. 99,99% - - Not widely known

No option is ‘the’ solution SODIS UV Combined Chemical (PUR) Chemicals Filtering Boiling Pesticides Parasites Bacteria Viruses Heavy Metals Turbidity

HWTs can solve most water quality problems Clear water from shallow wells + disinfection = safe water +

Water with Arsenicum, Pesticides, … ? Rainwater storage + filter = safe water

Challenges Increase awareness Use lessons learned - Inform policymakers of benefit of HWT, 50% of hospital beds > waterborne diseases - Inform NGOs and users about new options. Use lessons learned - Experiences with Life Straw, PUR, etc. No free products. All should pay to get sustainable supply chains - Higieene awareness essential - Poor families need payment options

Information “Marketing Safe Water Systems” Compares treatment options Explains what went wrong with upscaling Suggestions for massive upscaling HWTs A must read!!! www.poverty.ch Author: Urs Heierli

www.AKVO.org Wikipedia for water and sanitation

More opportunities than ever Because of; - Effective low cost solutions. ca $2/cap. (1 time investment) - Lesson learned in the Ps of marketing (Product, place, price, people) - Internet for awareness, monitoring - Political will - Funds for water & sanitation

300 in 6 initiative. 300 million people safer water in 6 years Costs 300 in 6 initiative 300 million people safer water in 6 years Costs? Ca $600 million Possible with: Lessons learned 8 New products Internet for information New social marketing (CLTS) Good results – more funding

Safer water for all, yes we can