The blood, lymphatic system & Immune system Medical Terminology

Adenoid/o adenoids

Clumping/sticking together agglutin/o Clumping/sticking together

Angi/o Vessel (blood vessel)

Arteri/o artery

cyt/o cell

erythr/o red

fung/o fungus

Hem/a, hem/o, hemat/o blood

Iatr/o Physician/treatment

Immun/o Immune; protection

Kary/o nucleus

Leuk/o white

Log/o study

Break down; dissolve; loosen Ly/o Break down; dissolve; loosen

Lymph/o, lymphat/o lymph

Lymphaden/o Lymph node

Lymphangi/o Lymphatic vessel

morpho/o Shape; form

Bone marow; spinal cord myel/o Bone marow; spinal cord

nucle/o nucleus

path/o disease

phag/o Eat; swallow; engulf

phleb/o vein

Ser/o serum

Splen/o spleen

Thromb/o clot

Thym/o thymus

Tonsill/o tonsils

Tox/o poison

Ven/o, Ven/i vein

Vir/o virus

Prefixes Prefix Meaning anti- against con- together; with macro- large meta- change; beyond poly- many; much

Suffixes Suffix Meaning -blast developing cell -crit to separate -emic pertaining to blood condition -phage eat; swallow -plasm formation; structure -poiesis formation

Fluid Systems of the Body Blood: part of the circulatory or cardiovascular system Lymph: part of the lymphatic system; a clear fluid a. Contains white blood cells (WBCs) to help remove wastes, germs, toxins and other substances from tissues b. Controls fluid levels in tissues

Functions of the Blood A. Carry oxygen (O2) from lungs to the cells and remove wastes B. Remove carbon dioxide (CO2) to prevent waste buildup in the cells of your body C. Defends body against infection and disease

Structures of the blood Blood Cells: Manufactured in the bone marrow Erythrocytes (red blood cells): carry O2 to body cells and remove wastes i. Contain hemoglobin which is a specialized protein used to carry O2 and CO2

Structures of the blood b. Leukocytes (white blood cells): defend against infection and disease; two main types i. polymorphonuclear: WBCs that have a nucleus made up of several segments. Also called granulocytes because their cytosol is filled with granules.

Types of Polymorphonuclear WBCs Neutrophils: Phagocytes; destroy harmful pathogens by engulfing them and breaking them down with enzymes. Eosinophils: secrete chemicals to attack disease causing parasites. Also respond during an allergic reaction by causing inflammation. Basophils: Contain histamine and heparin histamine: chemical that the body releases during an inflammatory response. Heparin: prevents coagulation or clotting

Mononuclear WBCs ii. Mononuclear: WBC that only have one nucleus; also called agranulocytes because their cytosol does not have any granules. 1. lymphocytes: immune surveillance; detect and destroy foreign cells. 2. Monocytes: phagocytes that ingest and dispose of dead or dying cells a. Macrophages: monocytes that are found in tissues instead of bloodstream. Mostly found in the spleen, liver and connective tissue.

Structures of the Blood c. Thrombocytes (platelets): Aid in coagulation; cell fragments that have been broken off of megakaryocytes (bone marrow cells that have very large nuclei.)

Structures of the Blood B. Plasma: liquid portion of the blood that contains water, hormones, proteins, sugar, salts, and wastes. Four key proteins found in plasma help the body function effectively.

Proteins in Plasma Albumin: water level maintenance in blood Globulins: alpha and beta globulins transport lipids. Gamma globulins act as antibodies. Fibrinogen: key protein involved in blood clotting. Prothrombin: another protein involved in blood clotting.

Functions of the Lymphatic & Immune Systems Protect the body from pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, tpxins, allergens and cancer cells. Relies on organs from several body systems. Integumentary system: skin acts as a barrier from pathogens Respiratory system: cilia and mucous membranes help trap foreign particles Digestive system: the stomach produces acids and enzymes to destroy foreign invaders. Lymphatic system: plays a central role

Structures of the lymphatic system Lymph/lymphatic fluid/interstitial fluid: colorless fluid that leaves the blood capillaries and circulates through a pathway of vessels and tissues. Lymphatic vessels: carry lymph to tissues of the body. a. Only move in one direction (towards the thoracic cavity) and contain valves to prevent backflow

Structures of the lymphatic system C. Lymph nodes: Small bean-shaped structures that can filter foreign substances from lymph a. also produce lymphocytes which can detect and destroy pathogens.

Structures of the lymphatic system D. Tonsils: Small mass of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring in the pharynx; Three types. Can trap pathogens that enter through the throat and the nose. a. palatine tonsils: found on either side of the throat b. lingual tonsils: at the base of the tongue c. adenoids/pharyngeal tonsils: in the upper part of the throat (nasopharynx)

Structures of the lymphatic system E. Thymus: gland located in the upper mediastinum (area of the chest between the lungs). Begins to atrophy after puberty. a. T lymphocytes produced in bone marrow mature in the thymus and then enter the bloodstream

Structures of the lymphatic system F. Spleen: largest lymphatic organ a. Filters blood by destroying worn out erythrocytes b. produces lymphocytes c. stores thrombocytes d. reservoir for blood

Structures of the lymphatic system G. Liver (found in RUQ): a. filters blood through hemolysis hem/o/lysis: b. storage for healthy erythrocytes erythr/o/cyt/es:

Structures of the lymphatic system H. Peyer’s patches: small bundles of lymphatic tissue in the walls of the small intestines. a. protect against invaders that enter through the digestive system.

Structures of the Immune system A. T cells: Different types of T cells are involved in immunity a. Cytotoxic cells (T8 cells): attach themselves to antigens and destroy those substances b. Helper cells (T4 cells): aid B cells in recognizing antigens and stimulating antibody (Ig) production

Structures of the Immune system c. Natural Killer cells (NK cells): usually target cancer cells or viruses by recognizing the specific sugars they have on their surface d. Suppressor cells: slow or stop the activity of B or T cells once the foreign invader has been destroyed or controlled

Structures of the Immune system B Cells: turn into plasma cells in response to an antigen and then secrete immunoglobulins (specific antibodies). This is referred to as humoral immunity. There are five classes of immunoglobulins: a. IgA: Found in respiratory and GI tracts. They are also secreted in saliva, tears, and breast milk. b. IgD: found in blood plasma in small amounts. Attach themselves to the surface of B cells to act as antigen receptors

Structures of the Immune system c. IgE: secreted by plasma cells in skin, tonsils, and respiratory and GI tracts; stimulate histamines so useful in allergic responses d. IgG: Main defense against infection invaders. Can provide fetal immunity. e. IgM: help fight blood infections. Can bind to B-cells and act as powerful agglutinating agents.

Types of Immunity Immunity is the ability to resist pathogens and toxins that cause infection and disease Natural Immunity: Immunity you were born with Your body is predisposed to protect you from certain diseases because of your race, gender, or species Feline leukemia Sickle cell anemia Prostate cancer vs. cervical cancer

Types of Immunity B. Acquired immunity: The body’s ability to protect itself against a specific bacterium, virus, etc. a. acquired active immunity: Body is exposed to and learns to defend against the pathogen i. immunity through a disease: after being invaded by a pathogen and surviving, B and T cells produce memory cells that can help prevent reinfection.

Types of Immunity ii. Immunity through a vaccine: person is injected with modified pathogen or toxin that will prime immune system to potential attacks from pathogens. b. Acquired passive immunity: short term immunity that comes from antibodies produced in a body other than your own. i. Serum from the blood of an animal or other person ii. Injections of gamma globulins from other people iii. Newborns getting antibodies from mother iv. Bone marrow transplant from a healthy person to a diseased individual. (Ex. Leukemia, severe anemia, etc.)

tonsils Cervical lymph node Right lymphatic duct Thymus gland Axillary lymph nodes spleen Thoracic duct Cistern chyli Peyer’s patches Lumbar lymph nodes Appendix Pelvic lymph nodes Inguinal lymph node Bone marrow

Arteriole Lymphatic capillary Endothelial cells Blood vessel capillaries Venule