Special Acknowledgments Understanding Zoonosis: The Study of Transmissible Diseases and Infections Sarah Ahmed, MD., PhD., George Tarabelsi, MD., PhD., Zara Khan, MD., PhD., Shubhankar Joshi, MD., PhD., Francesca Corsini, MD., PhD., Megi Resulaj, MD., PhD. College of Science and Mathematics, University of Massachusetts Boston 4 ways in which one can be infected by zoonotic disease: exposure to the virus, infection by the virus, transmission of the virus to members of the population, and the adaptations the virus makes to infect others more effectively While we have advanced in understanding the affects of the virus, there are certain aspects that we must continue to explore: the study of when and where the virus forms, what it is that causes the spread of the virus, and how we can limit the virus' natural reservoir, which would in turn, limit the spread of the virus. The development of a zoonotic disease occurs through the exchange between humans and animals, and as a first defense against the development of these diseases the exchange of bodily fluids between humans and animals must be addressed. Not only to be sure that the exchanges are humane, but also done cleanly in order to deter any more diseases from developing. Conclusion Rationale PLEASE MAKE SURE THAT THERE IS NOT TOO MUCH TEXT INCLUDE PICTURES, DIAGRAMS, AND GRAPHS USE WHITE BACKGROUNDS INCLUDE REFERENCES Ebola WHAT IS IT? Treatment: A virus that is transmitted from animals to humans via blood contact with an infected animal host and lesions in the hands of a human Staying out of areas effected by the virus and maintain proper sanitation Remaining hydrated and addressing any wounds or rashes that appear due to disease It's transmitted through direct contact with blood or bodily fluids Ebola kills 90% of those infected The Zoonotic spread of ebola: The disease originates from an human came into contact with the excretions or blood from an animal infected with the disease Can be spread via contaminated medical equipment We chose to investigate zoonosis because of the recent attention it has received in the news and media, specifically in cases of Ebola, H5N1, and H1N1. We wish to explore the biological mechanisms which allow these viruses to expand their host range. In addition, some of our examples also illustrate the wide range of consequences these viruses can exhibit, from mild to detrimental. Zoonosis is a disease or infection that is naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans, and vice-versa. The disease is caused by all types of pathogenic agents, including bacteria, parasites, fungi, and viruses. Humans can get zoonotic diseases by coming into contact with the infected live poultry, rodents, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and other domestic and wild animals. Anyone who has contact with animals can get a zoonotic disease, but people may be more at risk than others. These include people with a weakened immune system, children age 5, the elderly, and pregnant women. About 75% of recently emerging infectious diseases affecting humans are diseases of animal origin, and approximately 60% of all human pathogens are zoonotic. There are four steps of a zoonotic infection: Exposure to the virus  Infection by the virus  Spread of the virus to other members of the population 4. Adaptations that the virus acquires in order to infect more effectively. Introduction H1N1 Virus (Swine Flu) What is it? Prevention and Treatment: A respiratory illness found in pigs No known treatment An Orthomyxovirus that contains: Preventative care includes flu vaccination and proper personal protective equipment Haemagglutinin – glycoprotein causing red blood cells to clump together and then binding the virus to the red blood cell Neuraminidase – enzymes that assist in transferring the virus particles through the infected cell The virus appeared as a new strain of H1N1 which resulted to be a triple re-assortment of bird, swine, & human flu How is it spread? Through airborne droplets Transmitted through hand-eye, nose, or mouth contact Future Discussion -Do animals show the same symptoms for the disease as humans? -What is the body’s initial response to the diseased cell? Do the cells go undetected? -What are some ways researchers are trying to find a cure for these diseases? H5N1 (Avian Influenza) WHAT IS IT? - It is a highly pathogenic avian bird flu virus - There have been about 650 human cases reported from 15 different countries since 2003. - Mortality rate is about 60% of those infected with the virus References http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/01/10/bird-flu-threat-still-lurking-jakarta0.htm http://rccp.udea.edu.co/index.php/ojs/article/view/742/730 http://www.flu.gov/about_the_flu/h5n1/ http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/h5n1-virus.htm Link: http://www.flu.gov/about_the_flu/h1n1/ "H1N1 (originally Referred to as Swine Flu)." H1N1 (Swine Flu). U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, n.d. Web. Special Acknowledgments Zoonotic spread of avian influenza: There are three different barriers that a virus must overcome in order to spread from one species to another. 1. Cross-species host-host interaction 2. Virus-host interactions 3. Intraspecies host-host interactions We are thankful to Sanofi Genzyme and Dean Andrew Grosovsky for making this possible.