CHAPTER 13 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Expiration Inspiration Mediastinum Phlegm Pulmonary Respiration Tachypnea Apnea Bradypnea Chronic Cilia Dysphagia Dyspnea Eupnea Journal question: What are the three functions of the respiratory system?

Chapter 13 Learning Objectives Define at least 10 terms referring to the respiratory system. Describe the three functions of the respiratory system. Identify at least 10 respiratory system structures and the function of each.

Chapter 13 Learning Objectives Describe at least three methods of assessment of the respiratory system. Describe at least five disorders of the respiratory system.

Structures of the Respiratory System Name the structures of the respiratory system and their locations. In what body cavity is the respiratory system located? FIGURE 13-1 Structure of the respiratory system. (From Patton KT, Thibodeau GA: Anatomy & physiology, ed 7, St. Louis, 2010, Mosby.)

Function of the Respiratory System The respiratory system supplies oxygen to the body through the breathing process. Inspiration (inhaling air) Oxygen is brought into the lungs. Expiration (exhalation) Carbon dioxide is removed from the lungs. You breathe in and out from 15 to 25 times per minute and don’t even realize it. How can diet and exercise improve respiratory function?

Respiratory System Three functions of the respiratory system Exchanges gases between the blood and the lungs Helps regulate body temperature by cooling or warming the blood Helps to maintain the blood’s electrolyte balance How does the respiratory system help maintain homeostasis in the human body?

Mechanisms of Breathing FIGURE 13-2 The mechanics of breathing. A, The diaphragm contracts to pull air into the lungs. B, As the diaphragm relaxes, the air is released. You breathe in 13 pints of air every minute.

Three Processes of Respiration External respiration, or ventilation Brings oxygen into the lungs Internal respiration Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body cells Cellular respiration Changes acid produced during metabolism into harmless chemicals in the cells In what part of the body do each of the respiration processes take place? A person can survive only a few minutes without oxygen.

Inhalation Process Air enters the respiratory system through the nose or mouth. Air from the nose or mouth is funneled through the throat and into the trachea. The trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi. Each bronchus enters one of the lungs and then branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles. The bronchioles have small sacs at their ends called alveoli. Capillaries in the walls of the alveoli exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide by the process of diffusion. Describe the inhalation process as the students follow along using with the diagram in Figure 13-1 in their textbooks, or use Slide 4. Your lungs contain almost 1500 miles of airways and more than 300 million alveoli.

Assessment Techniques Rate The normal rate of respiration varies with age, gender, posture, exercise, temperature, and other factors. Children breathe 20 times per minute. Adults breathe 16 to 20 times per minute. Elderly often breathe less than 16 times per minute. Discuss with the students why the rate of respiration varies with age. Discuss other factors for various rates of respiration.

Assessment Techniques Character of respirations Respirations should have a regular rhythm, occurring at regular intervals. Apnea: no respiration Respirations may be deep or shallow. Respirations may be dry or wet. Breath sounds Breath sounds can be heard by using a stethoscope. Wheezing or adventitious sounds may indicate an abnormal condition.

Assessment Techniques Lung volume assessment Respiratory capacity is the amount of air that can be brought into the lungs. Measured by a spirometer Depends on age and physical condition Vital capacity includes Tidal volume: amount of air normally exchanged Inspiratory reserve: additional amount of air that can be inhaled Expiratory reserve: additional amount of air that can be exhaled Have students measure each other’s lung volume using a spirometer.

FIGURE 13-4 Respiratory capacity.

Assessment Techniques Blood gas analysis Measure how much oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are in the blood, the blood's pH, and other gases.

Blood Gas Analysis

Disorders of the Respiratory System Anthrax Caused by spores of the bacterium Asthma attack May result from exposure to an allergen, cold temperature, exercise, or emotion Atelectasis A collapse of part or all of a lung, caused by a tumor in the thoracic cavity, pneumonia, or injury Discuss the symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention of these disorders.

Agents That Trigger Asthma Discuss the effects of air pollution on the respiratory system.

Disorders of the Respiratory System Bronchitis An infection of the bronchi Carbon monoxide poisoning Occurs from breathing carbon monoxide Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease A group of chronic respiratory disorders including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema Discuss the symptoms, causes, treatment and prevention of these disorders.

Disorders of the Respiratory System Cold A respiratory infection Cystic fibrosis A genetic disorder of the exocrine glands Emphysema Alveoli lose elasticity, become dilated, and do not exchange gases well. Discuss the symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention of these disorders.

Disorders of the Respiratory System Hantavirus infection A respiratory condition spread by breathing in materials contaminated by urine or saliva of infected rodents such as deer mice and chipmunks Hay fever A respiratory inflammation caused by allergens such as plants, dust, and food Lung cancer Directly linked to smoking and smoke products Discuss the symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention of these disorders.

Disorders of the Respiratory System Pleural effusion Condition in which air or fluid enters the pleural cavity Pleurisy Inflammation of the membranes that line the lungs Pneumonia Inflammation of the lungs, in which a buildup of excessive moisture impairs breathing Discuss the symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention of these disorders.

Disorders of the Respiratory System Pneumoconiosis Inflammation in the lungs caused by inhaled irritants Respiratory acidosis Buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, causing a lowered blood pH Respiratory alkalosis Deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood Discuss the symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention of these disorders.

Disorders of the Respiratory System Respiratory distress syndrome Condition that occurs when the alveoli do not inflate properly Sinusitis Inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Respiratory disorder of newborns Discuss the symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention of these disorders.

Disorders of the Respiratory System Tuberculosis Caused by bacteria that are difficult to destroy Can be transmitted through the air Upper respiratory infection Caused by a virus or bacteria in the nose, pharynx, or larynx Discuss the symptoms, causes, treatment, and prevention of these disorders.

Issues and Innovations Tobacco issues Cigarette smoking has been linked to many illnesses. Nonsmokers face same risks because they are subjected to passive, secondhand, or sidestream smoke. Harmful effects of smokeless tobacco Leukoplakia Mouth cancer Heart disease Ask students to name the illnesses to which tobacco has been linked.

Issues and Innovations Environmental health risks Black lung disease Miners who inhale coal dust Asbestosis Chronic scarring of the lung tissue Can lead to malignant mesothelioma Berylliosis Inhalation of beryllium used in fluorescent light bulbs Toxic chemicals used in the computer industry Sick building syndrome Elevated levels of carbon dioxide cause sickness. Toxic mold Stachybotrys or Chaetomium mold produces mycotoxins that are poisonous. Discuss with the students how many of these environmental health risks can be reduced or eliminated.

Summary Functions of the respiratory system include exchanging gases between the blood and lungs, regulating body temperature, and maintaining electrolyte balance. Structures of the respiratory system include the nasal cavity, lungs, bronchi, alveoli, and diaphragm.

Summary Methods of assessing the respiratory system include the respiration rate, character of respirations, breath sounds, lung volume, and blood gas determinations. Disorders of the respiratory system include asthma, atelectasis, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis.  

Review Respiratory distress syndrome is a condition that occurs when: a. Inflammation affects one or more of the paranasal sinuses. b. A respiratory disorder of newborns exists. c. Bacteria enter the lungs. d. Viruses or bacteria enter the nose, pharynx, or larynx. e. The alveoli do not inflate properly.

Review Respiratory distress syndrome is a condition that occurs when: a. Inflammation affects one or more of the paranasal sinuses. b. A respiratory disorder of newborns exists. c. Bacteria enter the lungs. d. Viruses or bacteria enter the nose, pharynx, or larynx. e. The alveoli do not inflate properly.

Review Bronchitis is defined as: a. Inflammation of the voice box b. Inflammation of the bronchi c. Removal of the lung d. Fast respiration e. Inflammation of the tonsils

Review Bronchitis is defined as: a. Inflammation of the voice box b. Inflammation of the bronchi c. Removal of the lung d. Fast respiration e. Inflammation of the tonsils