Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemistry

What is Chemistry?? Chemistry: the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes Matter: anything that has mass occupies space--even air is matter! Why do we study Chemistry?? All living and nonliving things are made of matter, chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events.

5 traditional areas of chemistry Organic Chemistry: study of all chemicals containing carbon Inorganic chemistry: study of things that to do not contain carbon, found mainly in non living things (rocks) Biochemistry: study of the process that takes place in organisms. (Muscle contraction and digestion) Analytical Chemistry: focuses on composition of matter Physical Chemistry: deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes change Look at the soccer player on page 8.

Pure chemistry vs applied chemistry Pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake. The chemist knows that this knowledge may not produce an immediate practical use. Testing theories to gain knowledge and/or make new developments. APPLIED CHEMISTRY Process of using your own knowledge for an intended purpose Research directed toward a practical goal or application. Pure and applied chemistry are often linked.

Why do we care? Why Do we study chemistry? Chemistry is useful when explaining the natural world, preparing for a career, and being an informed citizen. Explaining the natural world: Why does water expand when it freezes, why does sugar dissolve in water? Preparing for your career: Firefighters, Chef, photographer Being an informed citizen: Funds $$$

Materials in Chemistry Chemist design materials to fit needs: George de Mestral Materials can be macroscopic or microscopic Macroscopic (burrs in the story) are large enough to see with unaided eye Microscopic (hooks on the burrs) can only be seen through microscopes

Energy Chemist play an important role in finding ways to conserve energy, produce energy, and store energy. Conservation: Easiest way—insulation. Foam drink cups Production: burning fossil fuels. Biodiesel Storage: Batteries store energy until it is released as a electrical current

Medicine and Biotechnology Work in medicine is usually done by biochemist. Goal: understand the structures of matter found in the human body and the chemical changes that occur in cells. Gene replacement Biotechnology- applies science to the production of biological products. Techniques can be used to alter DNA. Medicine: In the future scientist want to be able to use gene therapy to treat diseases by replacing a gene that isn’t working with one that is.

Agriculture Chemists help to develop crop production and safer, more effective ways to protect crops. Test soil to make sure it contains the right chemicals for optimal growth Farm land is becoming less and less.

The environment and universe Chemists help to identify pollutants and prevent pollutions. The Universe Gather data from other planets, bring it back to earth, and study it

Alchemy The term “chemistry” comes from the word “alchemy”. Alchemy had a practical side and a mystical side. Practical: Focused on developing techniques for working with metals, gases, and dyes. Mystical: focused on concepts like perfection. Gold was considered “perfect”. So scientists worked to turn other metals into gold. Developed the tools and techniques for working with chemicals.

Experimental Approach to Science By the 1500s there was a shift from alchemy to science. Science then flourished in Britain thanks to King Charles. Antoine-Laurent Lavoiser, in late 1700s, helped transfer chemistry from a science of observation to the science of measurement that it is today. Designed a balance that could measure to the nearest 0.0005 grams Solved long standing debate: Showed that oxygen is required for materials to burn

Scientific method Bubble Lab

Collaboration and communication When Scientists communicate they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome. Collaboration Scientist bringing together different views and information for a common goal Communication Exchanging ideas with one another

Problem solving in chemistry Measurement is an important part of chemistry, most word problems in chemistry include math. There are TWO general steps in successful problem solving: 1. DEVELOP a plan 2. IMPLEMENT the plan

Solving numeric word problems 3 steps to solving a numeric word problem Analyze Identify what is known and unknown Determine the units (of answer) Make a plan Calculate Easiest part  May need to convert units Evaluate Is your answer reasonable? Does it make sense?

Let’s try one! As a class: Sample problem 1.1 on page 30 in the book Groups: #26 and #27 on page 30

Solving Conceptual problems We just learned how to solve numeric problems, now let’s look at conceptual problems Apply concepts you are studying to a new situation 2 steps Analyze Solve

Your turn! As a class: Conceptual problem 1.1 on page 32 Group: #28 and #29 on page 32

Chapter 1 Quiz