Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection - CAEP Additional Information

CAEP – Key Milestones Template for voluntary measures Guidance on linking ETS (2010) CO2 Standard Certification Requirement (2013) Global Climate Guidance on ETS (2007) Guidance on offsetting (2010) CO2 Trends Assessment (2010) Noise Updated guidance on operational measures (2012) Guidance on operational measures (2004) Support to develop Guidance on States’ Action Plans (2011) Local Air Quality Emissions Validation of IFSET (2011) CO2 Trends Assessment (2013) 1970 1980 1990 2000 New noise Standard for subsonic jet aeroplanes (Chapter 2) ICAO policy on noise charging 2010 New Standard on LAQ-related emissions from turbojet and turbofan engines Noise Standard for jet and turboprops made more stringent (Chapter 4) CAEP proposes that the Chapter 4 noise Standard be made more stringent (Chapter 14) (2013) Guidance on Balanced Approach Airport planning manual Noise Standard for jet and turboprops made more stringent (Chapter 3) NOx emissions Standard made more stringent (1992, 1998, 2004, 2010) Guidance on LAQ emissions charging Noise trends assessment EMS practices in the aviation sector Phase-out of Chapter 2 aeroplanes begins in 1995 LAQ trends assessment Airport Air Quality Manual (2011)

CAEP Standards - Analysis Framework Tells us what’s likely or possible WG1 Noise – Technical Modeling and Databases Group (MDG) WG2 Operations CAEP FESG Forecast and Economic Analysis Support Group Back to the Modelling and Analysis viewpoint chart. This time from the CAEP perspective CAEP sub-groups feed input into MDG who maintain the databases and models that are used to generate results in support of future policy decisions WG3 Emissions – Technical Explains the effect on the system Technical feasibility Interdependencies of measures Environmental effectiveness Economic reasonableness

Modelling and Databases Group CAEP - Modelling and Databases Group (MDG) Key areas of activity: Environmental modelling (local air quality, noise, and greenhouse gas emissions) and development/maintenance of databases to support: Environmental trends projection Analysis of environmental effectiveness of measures Evaluation of environmental models Review of environmental analysis methodologies Guidance on the development, application, and review of environmental models Description of the work: The CAEP Modelling and Databases Group synthesizes the input provided from the technical working groups and the Forecasting and Economic Analysis Support Group (FESG) to provide results suitable for decision making and public information. Typical analyses include the projection of future environmental trends, the evaluation of stringency options for environmental Standards, and environmental benefits associated with proposed measures. This information is a critical element of the Standards setting process as it enables policy makers to understand the environmental effectiveness and environmental interdependencies of proposed measures. The group’s work is carried out through the use of the most sophisticated aviation local air quality, noise, and greenhouse gas emissions models available worldwide and related databases, whose development and operation represent substantial investments by States and observer organizations. Before being considered for use in CAEP, proposed models are subject to a rigorous review process to confirm their suitability, following which, they are carefully applied ensuring that consistent assumptions and input data are used. Today 16 models have been graciously made available and approved for use within CAEP, along with qualified experts to run them. Main publications: Trends assessment as the basis for decision-making on environmental matters (37th and 38th Sessions of ICAO Assembly) Doc 9889 – Airport Air Quality Manual Doc 9911 - Recommended Method for Computing Noise Contours Around Airports MDG Modelling and Databases Group 1998: Development of Global Aircraft Noise Impact Assessment Model Initiated 2001: First results from MAGENTA (Model for Assessing Global Exposure to the Noise of Transport Aircraft) presented 2004: Inventory of models and databases available to support CAEP work programme 2004: Noise/Emissions interrelationships considered in development of NOx stringency 2010: CAEP Trends assessment accepted by Assembly as the basis for decision-making on environmental matters 2010: Establishment of Modelling and Databases Group (MDG) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1998: First Task Group on Modelling Established 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007: Establishment of Modelling and Databases Task Force (MODTF) 2012 2013

Forecast and Economic analysis Support Group CAEP - Forecast and Economic analysis Support Group (FESG) Key areas of activity: Traffic and fleet forecasts for scheduled and non-scheduled traffic Cost-effectiveness analysis of environmental policy options including aircraft noise, emissions, market-based measures, etc. Evaluation of economic models used by CAEP Description of the work: The main role of the Forecast and Economic Analysis Support Group (FESG) of CAEP is to assess the economic reasonableness of environmental policy options considered/analyzed by CAEP. To this end, it develops forecasts for those areas that are unique to environmental analyses, in particular the world aircraft fleet, including business jets. This information is combined with inputs on technology from other CAEP working groups to form the basis for noise and emissions modelling by MDG. The results allow FESG to perform economic analyses and studies of proposed aviation environmental Standards. This information is a critical element of the Policy and Standards setting process as it enables policy makers to understand the cost-effectiveness of proposed measures. The group is composed of subject area experts from manufacturers (aircraft and engines), airlines, air navigation service providers, non-governmental organizations and government officials who have been nominated by their respective CAEP members and observers. The group’s work is carried out through the use of economic models and related databases that are made available to CAEP by States and observer organizations. Before being considered for use in CAEP, proposed economic models are subject to a rigorous review process to ensure their suitability. Deliverables: Aviation and the Global Atmosphere, IPCC Special Report, 1999 (Chapter 9: Aircraft Emissions: Current Inventories and Future Scenarios) Traffic & Fleet Forecast for CAEP/4, CAEP/5, CAEP/6, CAEP/8 and CAEP/9 Analysis of Voluntary Agreements and Open Emission Trading systems for the limitation of CO2 emissions from aviation with the AERO modelling system (CAEP/6) Analysis of open emission trading systems for the limitation of CO2 emissions from aviation with the AERO modelling system (CAEP/6) Cost-effectiveness analysis of Noise standards (CAEP/3, CAEP/5, CAEP/9) Cost-effective analysis of NOx standards (CAEP/4, CAEP/6 and CAEP/8) Cost-effectiveness analysis of aircraft noise and emissions charges (CAEP/7) FESG Forecast and Economic analysis Support Group 2001, 2004: Economic analyses of market based measures for GHG emissions 1998: 2050 traffic and emissions scenarios, presented to CAEP/4 1998, 2004, 2010: NOx Stringency Analyses 2001, 2004, 2010 and 2013: Traffic and Fleet Forecasts 1995 1998 2001 1995: First Traffic and Fleet Forecast developed for CAEP . 2004 1998: FESG established by the merger of the Databases & Forecasting Sub-Group (DBFSG) and Economic Analyses Sub-Group (EASG) 2007 2010 2001: Noise stringency analysis (Chapter 4) 2013: Noise stringency analysis (Chapter 14) 2013

CAEP - Working Group 1 – Noise (WG1) Key areas of activity: Noise technical issues Supersonic transport Noise reduction technology Description of the work : The main aim of Working Group 1 (WG1, Noise Technical) is to keep ICAO noise certification standards (in Annex 16, Volume I) up to date and effective, while ensuring that the certification procedures are as simple and inexpensive as possible. The work includes monitoring and reporting of national and international noise technology research programmes, involving assessing progress towards achieving CAEP noise technology goals. The group is also working on the development of a noise certification standard for future supersonic aircraft and monitors and reports on the status of supersonic aircraft projects. The CAEP working groups liaise on the interdependencies of ICAO environmental Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) and WG1 is advising on the noise technical aspects associated with the development of the ICAO Aeroplane CO2 Standard. During this CAEP cycle WG1 is also reviewing the status of Unmanned Aerial System noise certification and is conducting a review of noise technology advancements for helicopters. Main publications (Reference publications): Annex 16 – Volume I, Aircraft Noise (Sixth Edition, July 2011) Doc 9501 – Environmental Technical Manual, Volume I – Procedures for the Noise Certification of Aircraft (First Edition, 2010) Doc 9829 – Guidance on the Balanced Approach to Aircraft Noise Management (Second Edition, 2008) Doc 9888 – Noise Abatement Procedures: Review of Research, Development and Implementation Projects - Discussion of Survey Results (2010) Doc 9943 – Report by the CAEP Noise Technology Independent Expert Panel. Aircraft Noise Technology Review and Medium and Long Term Noise Reduction Goals. Report (2010) Doc 10017 – Report by the Second CAEP Noise Technology Independent Expert Panel. Aircraft Noise Technology Review and Medium and Long Term Noise Reduction Goals. Report (Pending, 2014) WG1 Noise Annex 16, Chapter 2 ICAO adopts noise standard for new subsonic jet aeroplanes (1972) Extraordinary session of ICAO Assembly adopts phase-out of Chapter 2 aeroplanes (1990) ICAO 33rd Assembly adopts the Balanced Approach to Noise Management (2001) Annex 16, Volume I, Chapter 4 ICAO adopts more stringent noise standard for new subsonic jet and heavy propeller-driven aeroplanes (2001) Annex 16, Volume I, Chapter 14 CAEP recommends an increase in stringency in the noise standard for new subsonic jet and heavy propeller-driven aeroplanes (2013). 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 Annex 16, Chapter 3 ICAO adopts more stringent noise standard for new subsonic jet and propeller-driven aeroplanes (1977) 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 Phase-out of Chapter 2 aeroplanes begins (1995)

Airports and Operations CAEP - Working Group 2 – Airport and Operations (WG2) Key areas of activity: Airport management and land use planning Operational measures to reduce noise and emissions Environmental guideline for airport planning Airport noise monitoring Description of the work : WG2 has been established at CAEP/2 (1991) to consider environmental issues related to airports and aircraft operations in the vicinity of the airports. The objective of the work programme of WG2 is to provide guidance to airport authorities and planners on environmental issues related to airport expansion, construction and operation, define operational procedures and strategies, WG2 is unique in that it does not have a set work programme where the tasks evolve from one CAEP cycle to the next. This requires that the membership and structure evolve with each CAEP cycle to ensure that the right expertise is available to carry out the work. WG2 Airports and Operations Main publications (Reference publications): Doc 9931 Continuous Descent Operations (CDO) Manual Doc 9911-Recommended Method of Computing Noise Contours around Airports (ex Cir.205) Circ.317 Effects of PANS-OPS Noise Abatement Departure Procedures on Noise and Gaseous Emissions Doc 9968 - Report on environmental management system (EMS) practices in the aviation sector Doc 9829 Guidance on the Balanced Approach to Aircraft Noise Management and Presentation on Balanced Approach Doc 9968 Report on environmental management system (EMS) practices in the aviation sector Doc 10013 Operational opportunities to reduce fuel burn and emissions (ex Circ. 303) Doc 9184 Airport planning manual, Part 2 Doc 10021 Independent expert report on medium and long term operational fuel burn goals Doc. 9888 Review of Noise Abatement Procedure Research, Development an implementation Project Doc 10031- Environmental assessment guidance for proposed air traffic management operational changes Doc 9889 Airport Air Quality Manual Doc.9184 Airport Planning Manual to include best practices on land use planning Amendment to PAN OPS Volume I Doc.8168 Development of the Balanced Approach Programme to Aircraft Noise Management Amendment to Annex 14, Volume I Aerodrome Design and Operations Assess noise and emissions from CDA 1985 Independent Expert Operational Goals Review 1995 Environmental Indicators 2001 2004 Development of a Noise Database 2007 2010 2013 Development of Provisions concerning Noise Abatement Procedures in PAN-OPS Volume II 2016 Amendment to Annex 16, Volume I Aircraft Noise Environmental impact assessment applied to CNS/ATM CAEP starts Environmental benefits Analysis of Aviation System Block Upgrades (ASBU)

CAEP - Working Group 3 – Emissions (WG3) Key areas of activity: Emissions technical issues Aeroplane CO2 Standard Particulate Matter Standard Description of the work : The main aim of Working Group 3 (WG3, Emissions Technical) is to keep ICAO engine emissions certification standards up to date and effective, while ensuring that the certification procedures are as simple and inexpensive as possible. Working Group 3, in conjunction with the other CAEP working groups, is currently working on the development of the ICAO Aeroplane CO2 emissions Standard, which should be complete during late 2015. The group is also tasked with assessing advances, within the context of the existing CAEP technology goals, in aircraft and engine design technologies with regard to their impact on fuel burn. The group works on issues associated with Local Air Quality (LAQ) and this includes the development of a non-volatile Particulate Matter (PM) Standard, advancing the understanding of volatile PM, and monitoring and reviewing combustion technologies and advances in combustion design with the aim of understanding future impacts on gaseous emissions and PM. Main publications: Annex 16 – Volume II, Aircraft Engine Emissions (Third Edition, July 2008) Doc 9501 – Environmental Technical Manual Volume II – Procedures for the Emissions Certification of Aircraft Engines (First Edition, 2010) Doc 9884 – Guidance on aircraft emission charges related to local air quality (2007) Doc 9887 – Report of the Independent Experts on the LTTG NOx Review and Medium and Long Term Technology Goals for NOx (2008) Doc 9953 – Report of the Independent Experts to CAEP/8 on the Second NOx Review and the Establishment of Medium and Long Term Technology Goals for NOx (2010) Doc 9963 – Report of the Independent Experts on the Medium and Long Term Goals for Aviation Fuel Burn Reduction From Technology (2010) Circular 337 - Circular on the CO2 Standard Certification Requirement (2014, Pending) WG3 Emissions CAEP begins the development of the ICAO aeroplane CO2 Standard (2010) Annex 16, Volume II ICAO adopts standards related to controlling smoke, fuel venting and gaseous emissions from turbojet and turbofan engines (1981) ICAO adopts more stringent NOx Standard (CAEP/2, 1992) ICAO adopts more stringent NOx Standard (CAEP/4, 1998) ICAO adopts more stringent NOx Standard (CAEP/6, 2004) CAEP begins the development of Particulate Matter Standard (2010) CAEP approves the certification requirement the ICAO aeroplane CO2 standard (2013) and agrees to a deliverable date of 2016 for the full CO2 Standard. 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 ICAO adopts more stringent NOx Standard (CAEP/8, 2010) and agrees to production cut-off for engines not complying with the CAEP/6 NOx Standard

Alternative Fuels Task Force CAEP - Alternative Fuels Task Force (AFTF) Key areas of activity: Projection for future sustainable alternative fuels production Fuels life cycle emissions Description of the work: The Alternative Fuels Task Force (AFTF) objective is to evaluate the range of potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions from the use of alternative fuels in aviation to 2050 through the assessment of alternative fuels life cycle emissions and the projection of what alternative fuels production could be up to 2050. The results of this assessment will provide a global view of the potential contribution of alternative fuels to the achievement of the aspirational goals of stabilizing the GHG emissions of aviation at their level of 2020. They will also serve as input for the inclusion of alternative fuels in the CAEP’s trends assessment to 2050, performed by the Modeling and Database Group (MDG). A secondary outcomes of the study will be the definition of a methodology for the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of alternative fuels emissions for the purpose of ICAO’s environmental trends assessment. This methodology will serve as a basis for providing assistance and guidance to States on the evaluation of potential benefits deriving from the use of alternative fuels. The task force was set up in November 2013 as part of CAEP/10 cycle. Reference publications: The Challenges for the Development and Deployment of Sustainable Alternative Fuels in Aviation (Outcomes of ICAO`s SUSTAF experts group) AFTF Alternative Fuels Task Force AFTF establishment Review of existing projection of alternative fuels production Methodology for alt. fuels production assessment Alternative fuel emissions report 2014 2015 2016 Detailed Work Plan 2016 LCA methodology report Final report: range for emissions reduction

Global MBM Technical Task Force CAEP - Global Market Based Measure Technical Task Force (GMTF) ToRs for GMTF established by CAEP Members and Observes meeting (23/24 January 2014) Key areas of activity: Carbon credits to be eligible for a global MBM scheme Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system for a global MBM scheme Reference publications: Doc 9885 - Draft guidance on the use of emissions trading for aviation Doc 9949 - Scoping study of issues related to linking "open" emissions trading systems involving international aviation Doc 9950 - Report on voluntary emissions trading for aviation Doc 9951 - Offsetting emissions from the aviation sector Doc 10018 - Report on the assessment of market-based measures GMTF Global MBM Technical Task Force Doc- 9949 Guidance on linking ETS (2010) 2004 Doc 9951 - Guidance on offsetting (2010) GMTF established (Jan. 2014) 2007 Initial MBMs analyses (2001 to 2004) 2010 Doc 9885 - Guidance on ETS (2007) 2013 Doc 9950 – Voluntary ETS report (2010)