ANALYZE

From Crisis to Empire Chapter 19

Main Points New Political Parties Acts to fix; American Imperialism National government Economy Currency American Imperialism

Stalwarts vs. Half-Breeds Tradition Everything is fine the way it has always been Half-Breed Reform Change the way the country runs President Garfield assassinated over siding with half-breeds President Arthur kept reform appointees

Elections of 1884 and 1888 1884 Cleveland reduced tariff rates 1888 Cleveland vs. Blaine 219 E.V. : 182 Cleveland wins by only 23,000 popular vote Cleveland reduced tariff rates Senate challenged by raising tariff rates 1888 Harrison supports high tariffs Cleveland vs. Harrison 168 E.V. : 233 Cleveland won popular by 100,000

Popular vote margin was <> 23,000 votes 1884 Election Popular vote margin was <> 23,000 votes

1888 Election

Fixing the Economy Sherman Antitrust-Act McKinley Tariff Monopolies and trusts officially outlawed Problem: “monopoly” and “trust” never defined Impossible to enforce McKinley Tariff Highest protective tariff ever passed by Congress Public turned against the Republicans Causes Grover Cleveland to win election of 1892

Fixing the Economy Interstate Commerce Act First ever federal regulations on transportation Banned discriminating on rates for farmers Impossible to enforce Again, wording never defined Rail rates must be “reasonable and just”

People Respond The Grangers Founded by Oliver Kelley “National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry” Bring scientific agriculture to farms Create feeling of community for farmers Push for better conditions for farmers Monopolies on railroads and warehouses must end Farmers joined to create their own

People’s Party The Populist Party Expand money supply “Free silver” Have silver to back currency not just gold Increase supply Shorter work week for labor Restrictions on immigration Legalize strikes Government control Warehouses Railroads Telephones Graduated income tax Currency inflation

Review Reading from the Weekend

Panic of 1890s Financial panic worldwide caused businesses, banks, and agriculture to fail Bimetallism Recognize both gold and silver for currency More money in circulation Causes inflation

Panic of 1890s William Jennings Bryan Conservative Victory 1896 The gold standard is crushing the working class “Cross of Gold” Speech Youngest candidate for president in U.S. history Conservative Victory 1896 Republican – McKinley Spent $7 million on campaigning Democrat – Bryan Spent $300,000 McKinley wins

American Imperialism The New Manifest Destiny Options Americans had conquered the west Expand or die off Options Latin America Former/current colonies of Europe Unstable Pacific Islands Some colonized by Europe, others not

American Imperialism Foreign trade European expansion 1870 - $392 million 1900 - $1.4 billion Colonies = guaranteed buyers Raw materials we need European expansion Europeans taking land in Asia and Africa There soon will be no good land left

Imperialism and Colonial Possessions, 1900 (Note the impact of the Monroe Doctrine)

International Darwinism Inferior races should be ruled over by superior ones Anglo-Saxon Christians, should spread Christianity to the entire world Strong nations should dominate weaker ones Anglo-Saxon/Teutonic races possessed highest intelligence and talents

Monroe Doctrine Western hemisphere off limits to European interests Could never enforce the policy Ship building By 1900 US has third largest navy in the world Can actually enforce the Monroe Doctrine

Hawaii and Samoa Americans set up sugar plantations in Hawaii Diseases devastate Hawaiians 1881 Queen Liliuokalani challenges US control 1893 American planters stage revolt US Marines show up to protect American lives and investments Liliuokalani yields authority to US business men 1898 Hawaii annexed into US Samoa used as a way station for US ships

Hawaii & Samoa In 1878, the Hayes administration obtained a US Naval station in Pago Pago UK and Germany wanted part of Samoa, and a deal was forged to share power

Cuban Revolt Cuba and Puerto Rico = last of Spanish empire 1895 Cubans revolt against Spanish rule Spain uses brutal tactics American newspapers publish the war atrocities By 1897 U.S. still not militarily involved

War with Spain

U.S. Gets Involved De Lome Letter USS Maine Spanish minister in Washington D.C. called President McKinley weak USS Maine U.S. ship blows up in Havana harbor 260 Americans die Ship most likely accidently blew itself up Americans assume Spain blew up the ship “Remember the Maine!” Americans push for war

War with Spain McKinley hopes to avoid war Others push for war Assistant Secretary of the Navy – Theodore Roosevelt Secretary of State John Hay “a splendid little war” Negotiations fail on April 25, 1898, U.S. declares war with Spain

“A Splendid Little War” Declared in April Over by August Cubans had already weakened Spanish Only 460 Americans KIA 5,200 die from disease Major supply problems Shortage of ammo and rifles Heavy uniforms Racial issues Black soldiers fought in segregated units Saw integrated Cuban units

The Philippines

The Philippines Roosevelt instructed Commodore George Dewey to attack the Philippines when war breaks out May 1, 1898 Dewey destroys the Spanish fleet in Manila Dewey promoted to Admiral War aim changes Strip Spain of colonies

Cuba

Cuban War Two major battles July 16, Spain surrenders El Caney San Juan Hill Rough Riders Volunteer Cavalry unit Led by Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt becomes national hero July 16, Spain surrenders

Theodore Roosevelt and members of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill, Cuba, 1898.

Armistice Terms Spain must recognize Cuban independence Spain cedes Puerto Rico and Guam to US Spain accepts U.S. occupation of the Philippines

Warm Up Be Ready to map the following countries on a blank map; Philippines Samoa Guam Cuba Puerto Rico China England France Germany Russia Spain U.S.A. Hawaii

Philippine Debate After the war Puerto Rico quietly accepted for annexation In the Caribbean, close by, easily could become a state someday Philippines Large island chain in the Pacific Far away, unlikely to ever become a state Treaty of Paris Ceded to the US for $20 million

Philippine Debate Imperialists Anti-Imperialists For annexation Giving them back to Spain “cowardly and dishonorable” Independence irresponsible “unfit for self-government” Solution Educate and Christianize the Filipinos Opens new markets and trading base Pacific military base Imperialism is immoral Against American commitment to human freedom Would require foreign alliances, no longer self-sufficient isolationists Could pollute American population with inferior Asian races

Rudyard Kipling, The White Man's Burden, 1899 Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. (First of seven stanzas) This famous poem, written by Britain's imperial poet, was a response to the American take over of the Philippines after the Spanish-American War.

Anti-Imperialist League Movement that arose to combat annexation Supporters included Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie and Samuel Gompers

Mark Twain, Anti-Imperialist But I have thought some more, since then, and I have read carefully the treaty of Paris, and I have seen that we do not intend to free, but to subjugate the people of the Philippines. We have gone there to conquer, not to redeem. . .It should, it seems to me, be our pleasure and duty to make those people free, and let them deal with their own domestic questions in their own way. And so I am an anti-imperialist. I am opposed to having the eagle put its talons on any other land.

1900 Election Philippines head the debate Democrat Republican William Jennings Bryan Anti-Imperialist Republican William McKinley Imperialist New Vice President Theodore Roosevelt, national war hero McKinley wins Nation favors imperialism

Republican Campaign Poster

1900 Election

America as an Empire Hawaii, Alaska, and Puerto Rico had no real problems Cuba and Philippines would have challenges Larger populations Resistant to change Cuba Original constitution made no mention to U.S.

Platt Amendment U.S. Congress passes Platt Amendment Cuba barred from making treaties with other nations U.S. can intervene in Cuba whenever necessary American naval base in Cuba Cubans left with little political independence

The Philippine War American realize subjugating people requires military force 1898-1902 200,000 troops, 4,300 deaths Filipinos led by Emilio Aguinaldo Guerrilla warfare vs. U.S.

The Philippine War American frustrated by guerrilla warfare Begin to engage in brutal tactics themselves Over 15 Filipinos killed for every 1 wounded Filipino casualty estimates 50,000 – 220,000 1902 reports of U.S. brutality surface in U.S. news By then the war was over William Howard Taft becomes civilian governor

China By 1900, China is weak and ripe for exploitation England, France, Germany, Russia and Japan begin carving up China

America’s Open Door Policy U.S. wants access to China John Hay proposed “Open Door Policy” Each nation has a right to China Chinese officials collect tariffs Nations do not tax each other within their own Chinese spheres Other nations are not thrilled, some reject the policy Unrest begins in China itself

The Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion A secret Chinese society launches a revolt against foreigners Boxers drive foreigners all the way to their embassies Imperial powers send troops into China August 1900 they take Peking (Beijing) After rebellion put down, other nations agree to Open Door Diplomacy

Imperialism Reform War with Spain reveals issues with military Would have been crushed by a more powerful nation Elihu Root appointed Secretary of War Overhaul the U.S. military 25,000 to 100,000 Establish federal standards for National Guard Officer training school Joint Chiefs of Staff established