Essential Question: Why is culture important? SSWH1 Analyze the origins, structures, and interactions of societies in the ancient world from 3500 BCE/BC to 500 BCE/BC Essential Question: Why is culture important?

Farming villages emerge Between 7000 and 5000 yrs ago a. Compare and contrast Mesopotamian and Egyptian Societies, include: religion, culture, economics, politics, and technology Farming villages emerge Between 7000 and 5000 yrs ago Improved technology Irrigation canals Lead to population growth/development of first urban centers UR and Uruk in Mesopotamia Upper and Lower Egypt

Uruk

Mesopotamia vs Egypt Along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Mesopotamia aka Fertile Crescent Egypt Developed along Nile Flooding was very regular July to October Rich silt Gift of the Nile Included natural boundaries Made invasion unusual N and E=large bodies of water S and W=large deserts Along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Prone to erratic flooding Lacked natural boundaries Prone to invasion

religion Mesopotamia Egypt Polytheistic Polytheistic Gods represented elements of nature Attitude Gods provided bounty and prosperity Pharaoh seen as god in human form Afterlife Continuation of life on earth Mummification and elaborate tombs Polytheistic Gods represented elements of nature Attitude Gods were unpredictable and ppl feared them Tried to win approval through sacrifice and construction of elaborate temples- ziggurats Afterlife Gloomy and fearful place

Politics Mesopotamia Egypt Substantial continuity Frequent change 1st phase: Sumer Dominated by several independent often warring city-states Conquered by King of Akkad thus creating first empire, Sargon Conquered by many ppl most noteably Babylonians King Hammurabi Babylon is conquered leading to warring period with many other empires following Hittites Assyrians Persians Substantial continuity Remarkably stable for 2000 years Ruled by Pharaoh History divided into kingdom into three period Old Kingdom First Intermediate Period, Middle Kingdom Second Intermediate Period, New Kingdom Were also invaded by Hittites, Assyrians, and Persians

Technological innovations Mesopotamia Egypt Irrigation canals Plows Surplus food=specialization of labor writing=cuneiform Advanced literacy, artistic and architectural traditions Epic of Gilgamesh Irrigation canals Plows Surplus food=specialization of labor Writing=hieroglyphics Advanced literacy, artistic and architectural traditions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2pGhEu9elnA

Social hierarchy Specialization of labor led to development of social classes Royal family-ruling class-middle class-peasant farmers Ruling class-priests, government officials, landowners, soldiers, scribes Middle class-merchants and artisans Mesopotamia relied more heavily on slave labor but later on Egypt used foreign slaves

b. Describe the societies of India and China, include religion, culture, economics, politics, and technology Farming villages appeared around 3200 BCE in fertile plain between Indus and Ganges River Region is dominated by monsoon climate and wall of mountains Urban centers appear around 2500 BCE Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa

Little is known about civilization because cannot read the written language Urban planning suggest strong central government Cities Elevated and surrounded by earthen walls and levees to protect from flooding Inside walls Streets were laid out on a grid system Homes constructed of baked brick Each had own bathroom with city-wide sewer and plumbing system Fortified citadel in center Might have served as political and religious center Large number of children’s toys and few weapons Indicate societies were generally peaceful Economy was dependent on agriculture with evidence of trade with Middle East and Central Asia Decay Possible brought on by earthquake or soil exhaustion 1500 BCE New group of people move in-Indo-Europeans

China Farming villages appear around Huang He and Yangtze Rivers Urban areas both benefited from and suffered because of loess deposited by Yangtze River This soil supported agriculture its loose nature made major shifts in course of river and massive floods were common These struggles are recorded in Chinese legend as the Xia dynasty’s Emperor Yu brought flood control and irrigation to China First documented of China-Shang Founded around 1700 BCE Led to long tradition of hereditary monarchy supported by complex bureaucracy Urban centers Walled and surrounded by agricultural area Economy Agriculture, craft production, and trade Developed writing system, complex urban planning, irrigation, and flood control

c. Explain the development of monotheism, include: the concepts developed by the ancient Hebrews Prior to Judaism there were small pockets of monotheism: under Amenhotep IV in Egypt and Zoroastrianism in 600s BCE Judaism Started around 1250 BCE Formed among Hebrews Recorded in Hebrew bible (Torah) Hebrew ppl enter covenant with God He will protect them if they follow him exclusively 10 commandments Basic tenets of Judaism Kingdom of Israel Established around 1020 BCE Split into 2 kingdoms in 920 BCE

Spread of monotheism Upper kingdom of Israel is conquered by Assyrians (721 BCE) and deported to Babylonia in 587 BCE Diaspora of Jewish people spreads their belief system In Babylonia Synagogue was established 450 BCE Judaism as monotheistic religion fully developed with completion of Torah

d. Identify the Bantu migration patterns and contribution to settled agriculture Agricultural villages Became common around 4000 BCE in west Africa Iron technology Developed here Used to produce farm tools Evidence shows Was used between Nigeria and Cameroon to clear forest for farming Led to slow migration of Bantu speaking people moving southeast and south from about 500 BCE to 600 CE This brought agriculture, technology, and new language to region of hunter-gatherers Led to common cultural heritage in much of West, Central, East, and South Asia

http://chapter18period7.weebly.com/bantu-migration.html

e. Explain the rise of the Olmec Developed around same time but isolation made them unique but same patterns were followed Agricultural villages based on cultivation of corns, beans, and squash c.3500 BCE Urban centers Around 1200 BCE Olmec Most influential Found in modern Mexican states of Veracruz and Tabasco

Agricultural surplus Led to political authority and social stratification Needed large number of workers to construct irrigation systems, ceremonial buildings, and to drain land for farming Strong central government is seen because Sophisticated urban planning that was based on movement of the stars Creation of monumental artwork Giant Olmec heads Cities Were likely ruled independently ruled by hereditary monarch Presented himself as intermediary to the Gods Religion Monarchs with help of class of priests Performed awe inspiring rituals on large platforms in center of each city Included bloodletting and human sacrifice Served to reinforce the power of the state Laid foundations for civilizations to follow