Early Exploration Unit 1

Early Americans

Migration to the Americas Ice Age Land Bridge (The Bering Strait) - Between Asia North America Hunter / Gatherers Nomads Followed herds south Agricultural Revolution Farming Begins/End of Nomadic Life Corn Beans Squash Populations Grew

Cultures of Central/South America Olmec Gulf of Mexico Slash and burn farming First Writings / Sculptures Mayans Religious centers became cities Mayan Calendar Toltec Took over after decline of Mayans

Cont… Aztecs Inca Warlike Tenochtitlan Human Sacrifice Central Mexico South American Coast 12 Million People Vast Empire – Connected by Roads

Earliest Cultures of North America Southwest Agrarian Pottery Pueblos Mound Builders Eastern North America Buried Leaders in Mounds Mississippian Most advanced

Regional Differences in North America Southwest Northwest Fishing California No Farming – Not Needed Far North Most recent immigrants Great Basin and the Plateau Great Plains Hunters Eastern Woodlands Southeast Year long farming

Native American Customs Leadership Chiefs or Elders Land Use No ownership Gender Roles Men – Hunt Women – Gatherers Religion Spiritual Connection to Earth

Trading Networks Specialization Exchange of Ideas Items became valuable

Africans/Europeans

West African Trading Kingdoms Traded inland – Sahara region Ghana – Salt and Gold Route Mali – Islamic Songhai – Largest / Partially Muslim Coastal Kingdoms Benin – Rich from Foreign Trade Kongo - Salt Trade

East African Kingdoms Traded with Middle East Arabian Influence

African Society and Slave Trade Slaves Debt, War, Crime Plantations First established by Portuguese Atlantic Slave Trade Europeans wanted cheap labor Europeans goods in exchange for slaves Divided African nations

Middle Age Europe Feudalism/Manorial System Crusades Small local life Self protection Crusades Increased Trade / Middle Class Magna Carta - 1215 More rights to people

Renaissance and Reformation Re-birth of learning and creativity Science re-emerged Led to Reformation Protestant Reformation Martin Luther Change the Catholic Church Spain Forced Christianity – Reconquista

Exploration

Age of Exploration Marco Polo Prince Henry the Navigator East over land (China) Prince Henry the Navigator School for Naval Exploration Sea Route to India/China Caravel Faster ship

Early Explorers Dias De Gama Cabral First to go around tip of Africa De Gama Sea route to India Cabral First to see South American Coast Led to Decline of African trans-Saharan Trade and land trade over Asia/Europe

Vikings Erik the Red Leif Erikson Greenland Colonization Leif Erikson Vinland (Canada) Abandoned after trouble with NA Vikings returned to NA but not for settlement

Contact – East Meets West

Columbus First Voyage Sponsored by Queen Isabella of Spain Looking for route to India Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria 3 Weeks San Salvador

Impact on Native Americans Hispanoila Christmas Town All inhabitants killed by NA Isabella No Water Attempted Slavery with Natives Columbus taken out of charge after 1500 Labor Natives Christianity/Spanish Spain wanted to avoid enslavement Portuguese took place

Columbian Exchange Europe Africa New World Received natural resources from New World Sent out manufactured goods to Africa Africa Received manufactured goods from Europe Sent out slaves to New World New World Received slaves from Africa Sent out natural resources to Europe

Cont… Columbian Exchange to NA Received: Sent Out: Germs/Disease Guns Horses/Domesticated Animals Ideas Sent Out: Crops Natural Resources