Overview of Period 1

Key Ideas 3 Major Time chunks Importance of the Environment Paleolithic era—2.5 million BCE- 8000 BCE Development of Agriculture and Early Agricultural Communities (8000 BCE to 3500 BCE.) Earliest Civilizations (3500 BCE to 600 BCE) Importance of the Environment

Key Developments during the Paleolithic Period Migration of humans throughout the world Technological and social developments of humans Characteristics of Paleolithic Society?

The Neolithic Revolution

Why Agricultural Revolution? New interest in more secure food sources. Why?

New Foods under Agriculture 5 Major Plants—supply more than ½ of calories that sustain life Wheat Corn Rice Barley Sorghum 14 species of animals were domesticated

How did Agriculture spread? DIFFUSION—gradual spreading of agricultural techniques without extensive movement of agricultural people COLONIZATION OR MIGRATION—increasing population pushed agricultural peoples outward, which meant the conquest, absorption, or displacement of earlier hunter and gatherers

TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS LED TO IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, TRADE, & TRANSPORT POTTERY PLOWS WOVEN TEXTILES METALLURGY WHEELS AND WHEELED VEHICLES

Civilization A society distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION (USUALLY) GENERATION OF RELIABLE SURPLUSES SPECIALIZATION CLEAR SOCIAL CLASS DISTINCTIONS GROWTH OF CITIES COMPLEX, FORMAL GOVERNMENTS LONG-DISTANCE TRADE ORANIZED WRITING SYSTEMS

6 CORE OR FOUNDATIONAL CIVILIZATIONS MESOPOTAMIA EGYPT MOHENJO-DARO SHANG OLMECS (MESOAMERICA) CHAVIN (SOUTH AMERICA

WHAT WERE KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE IN CIVILIZATIONS? Patriarchy Specialization Social Stratification More diseases More warfare Larger population Greater complexity

DEVELOPMENT OF STATES DEFINITION: a territory considered as an organized political community under 1 gov’t SOURCES OF STATE AUTHORITY? RELIGION WRITING LAVISH LIFESTYLE TO SET THEM APART EXAMPLE: PALACES, ELABORATE BURIALS

"Cuneiform" was a script whose name derives from the wedges ("cunei" in Latin) impressed into soft clay tablets to form characters. The clay was then fired, and the result was the earliest known form of writing in the world. The example here, from ancient Sumer, about 2039 BCE, concerns the wages due to supervisors of day laborers.

Cuneiform Writing

Hieroglyphics

Quipu

These inscribed oracle bones dates from the Shang Dynasty These inscribed oracle bones dates from the Shang Dynasty. The markings reflect the earliest known form of Chinese written language.

Culture helped to unify these states Culture—learned or invented ways of living; it became more important than biology in shaping human behavior. As Incan people never invented writing script, they used something for calculation ,which is- Quipu, as you see in the picture. Boys spent at least a year in School just on quipu. They learned how to interpret quipu. A quipu consisted of a main chord which was about a yard long. Smaller chords hung from this chord. Each chord has one or many knots at different vertical positions. With the help of knots and color they could store any record of data. So what they recorded? Number of people in a village, no of males, females, no of families, no of total villages- actually they could store data of everything. Even they stored data of crops grown every year. They used different colors for different strings to identify different items. Like if they wanted to count gold and silver, they would use gold and silver colored strings. Hundreds of such quipus enabled the Incan government to collect all the data to run the government.

Seated male sculpture, or "Priest King" from Mohenjo-daro (41, 42, 43) Seated male sculpture, or "Priest King" from Mohenjo-daro (41, 42, 43). Fillet or ribbon headband with circular inlay ornament on the forehead and similar but smaller ornament on the right upper arm. 

A typical stele, or marker, on which Hammurabi's laws were inscribed A typical stele, or marker, on which Hammurabi's laws were inscribed. Markers such as these were placed in prominent places for literate citizens to consult. This shows the king on the left and the god Shamash, the god of law and justice, on the right.

Book of the Dead describes the loose collection of texts consisting of a number of magic spells intended to assist a dead person's journey through the Duat, or underworld, and into the afterlife and written by many priest over a period of about 1000 years.

This detail scene, from the Papyrus of Hunefer (c This detail scene, from the Papyrus of Hunefer (c. 1275 BCE), shows the scribe Hunefer's heart being weighed on the scale of Maat against the feather of truth, by the jackal-headed Anubis. The ibis-headed Thoth, scribe of the gods, records the result. If his heart equals exactly the weight of the feather, Hunefer is allowed to pass into the afterlife. If not, he is eaten by the waiting chimeric devouring creature Ammit composed of the deadly crocodile, lion, and hippopotamus. Vignettes such as these were a common illustration in Egyptian books of the dead. The Egyptians had complex ideas about the whole process of the afterlife, including a judgment of the deceased. Here, in a scene from the New Kingdom's Books of the Dead, a princess watches as her heart is weighed on a scale for purity. Gods shown include Osiris seated on the right and the scribe god Thoth next to the scale recording the result.

The Standard of Ur"War" panel Materialshell, limestone, lapis lazuli, bitumenWritingcunieformCreated2600 BCDiscoveredRoyal CemeteryPresent locationBritish Museum, LondonIdentification121201 Reg number:1928,1010.3The Standard of Ur (also known as the "Battle Standard of Ur," or the "Royal Standard of Ur") is a Sumerian artifact excavated from what had been the Royal Cemetery in the ancient city of Ur (located in modern-day Iraq south of Baghdad). It is approximately 4,500 years old and was probably constructed in the form of a hollow wooden box with scenes of war and peace represented on each side through elaborately inlaid mosaics. Although interpreted as a standard by its discoverer, its original purpose remains enigmatic. It was found in a royal tomb in Ur in the 1920s next to the skeleton of a ritually sacrificed man who may have been its bearer. It is now on display, in a reconstructed form, in the British Museum in London. One panel of an object known as the "Royal Standard of Ur", created in Sumeria around 2750 BCE. The object is composed of two mosaic panels, made from lapis lazuli, limestone, and shell. These mosaics are generally known as "War" and "Peace".

Lapis lazuli /ˈlæpɪs ləˈzuːliː/ or /ˈlæʒuːlaɪ/ (sometimes abbreviated to lapis) is a deep blue semi-precious stone that has been prized since antiquity for its intense color. Lapis lazuli was being mined in the Sar-i Sang mines[1] and in other mines in the Badakhshan province in northeast Afghanistan as early as the 7th millennium BC,[2] Lapis beads have been found at neolithic burials in Mehrgarh, the Caucasus, and even as far from Afghanistan as Mauritania.[3] It was used for the eyebrows on the funeral mask of King Tutankhamun (1341–1323 BC).[4] At the end of the Middle Ages, lapis lazuli began to be exported to Europe, where it was ground into powder and made into ultramarine, the finest and most expensive of all blue pigments. It was used by the most important artists of the Renaissance and Baroque, includingMasaccio, Perugino, Titian and Vermeer, and was often reserved for the clothing of the central figure of the painting, especially theVirgin Mary.[1]

Bronze artifacts from Shang China

Olmec Jade mask and Chavin carved head

WHAT CAUSED CHANGE IN THESE CIVILIZATIONS. 1. Environment 2 WHAT CAUSED CHANGE IN THESE CIVILIZATIONS? 1. Environment 2. New ideas/customs/beliefs 3. Technology 4. Expansion/warfare Pastoral nomads—Why were they so significant during this time? They were intermediaries, connecting sedentary groups and initiators of diffusion

Indo-European Migrations- Very Significant Pastoralists Various tribes who all spoke related languages deriving from some original common tongue and who eventually settled Europe, Iran, and Northern India. Formed the common roots of many languages of Europe, southwest Asia, and India Probable original homeland: Caucausus, Southern Russian plains to the North or in Eastern Anatolia Between 3000 and 2000 BCE the Indo-Europeans were driven from West Asia by some disaster. The tribes dispersed in all directions and when they encountered agricultural peoples, they turned to conquest to occupy the land. The Indo-European migrations set the stage for profound changes across Eurasia.

Indo-European Migrations Indo-Europeans domesticated horses by 4000 BCE. By 3000 BCE Sumerian knowledge of bronze metallurgy and wheels had diffused north They developed transportation technologies that were faster and more efficient than other alternatives. It gave them a military advantage because of the strength and speed of their horses. Many Indo-Europeans considered themselves superior to other peoples. Influence on trade Horses, chariots with spoked wheels Iron Migrations to western China, Greece, Italy also significant Hittites migrate to central Anatolia, c. 1900 BCE, later sack Babylonia

The Hittites Most influential of the Indo-Europeans were the Hittites 1900 BCE-went to central Anatolia and imposed their rule on the people there. 1600 BCE toppled the Babylonian Empire 2 major technological innovations: 1. light, horse-drawn war chariots 2. refinement of iron metallurgy Sumerian chariots were heavy and slow, but Hittites used spoked wheels that were lighter and more maneuverable Chariot technology diffused widely so that charioteers because elite strike forces of armies After 1300 Hittites refined techniques of iron metallurgy which made it more effective weapons cheaply and in large quantities. (Heated iron and made it more durable) Hittites weren’t the original inventors of these two technologies but they improved and introduced innovations that others adopted.

Other Indo-European Migrations Indo-European migrations to the East went into central Asia and went as far as China Indo-European migrations to the West 1 group went into Greece and then later into central Italy Another group went from Southern Russia into Central Europe and Western Europe and then to the British Isles, the Baltic region, and the Iberian peninsula Indo-European migrations to the south went into Iran and India

Indo-European Migrations 3000-1000 BCE

Growth of Regional and Transregional Trade Although empires came and went, trade continued to expand through this period Trade between Mesopotamia and Indus Valley flourished. Trade also expanded between Egypt and Nubia

The Extent of Mesopotamian Trade

Egypt and Nubia (Kush)

Ancient Nubia Kush, the Egyptian name for ancient Nubia, was the site of a highly advanced, ancient black African civilization that rivaled ancient Egypt in wealth, power and cultural development.

Kerma The first capital of Kush lay at Kerma just south of the Third Cataract of the Nile. Here dwelt powerful and wealthy black kings who controlled the trade routes connecting central Africa with ancient Egypt.

Egypt Conquers Kush The Egyptians, who had few natural resources of their own, sought the precious, exotic products of central Africa to satisfy the demands of their luxury-loving populace. By about 1500 B.C., the Egyptians, feeling threatened by the Nubian kings, invaded Kush and conquered it.

Gold from Nubia For the next four centuries, the Egyptians exploited Kush as a colony. Egypt's wealth in gold came from the desert mines of Kush. The Egyptian word for gold is nub, which is thought by some to be the origin of the name Nubia. Model coffin of Tutankhamun, probably made from Nubian gold. Found in his tomb at Thebes. Egypt, Dynasty 18, ca. 1348-1338 BCE.

Kush Conquers Egypt, 730 BC Around 730 B.C., Kush's warrior hordes turned the tables on a weakened Egypt and conquered it. This event established the black Pharaohs from Kush.

Nubia Muhammad Ahmad "El Mahdi“ of Sudan Nubia was converted to Christianity in the 6th cent. A.D. Joined with the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia, it long resisted Muslim encroachment, but in the 14th cent. it finally collapsed.