Population and Urban Society Chapter 16

After studying this chapter, you should be able to do the following: Describe the phenomenon of exponential growth. Define the three major components of population change. Contrast the Malthusian and Marxist theories of population. Summarize the demographic transition model and explain why there might be a second demographic transition. Discuss the determinants of fertility and family size. Discuss the problems of overpopulation and possible solutions. Describe the history of urbanization. Contrast preindustrial and industrial cities. Describe the various theories of urban development. Understand the issues surrounding homelessness in American cities. Describe trends in urban growth in the United States.

Demography The study of the size and composition of human populations, as well as the causes and consequences of changes in these factors. Demography is influenced by three major factors: fertility, mortality, and migration.

Life Expectancies by Countries Highest Years Lowest Japan 82.0 Swaziland 31.9 Singapore 82 Angola 38.2 Hong Kong 81.8 Zambia 38.6 Australia 81.6 Lesotho 40.4 Canada 81.2 Zimbabwe 41 Sweden 81 Mozambique 41.1 France Sierra Leone 41.2 Iceland 80.7 Liberia 42 80.9 Djibouti 43.4 World average 66.6

Fertility Fecundity Crude birthrate Total fertility rate Fertility refers to the actual number of births in a given population. Fecundity The physiological ability to have children. Crude birthrate The number of annual live births per 1,000 people in a given population. Total fertility rate The average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime.

Infant mortality rate Measures the number of children who die within the first year of life per 1,000 live births.

Mortality The frequency of deaths in a population. The most commonly used measure of this is the crude death rate, the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given population.

Mortality is reflected in people’s. Can you explain how?

Life expectancy The average number of years a person born in a particular year can expect to live.

Migration The movement of populations from one geographical area to another. Emigration When a population leaves an area and immigration when a population enters an area.

Internal migration The movement within a nation’s boundary lines—in contrast with immigration, in which boundary lines are crossed.

Theories of Population Malthus’s Theory of Population Growth Marx’s Theory of Population Growth Demographic Transition Theory A Second Demographic Transition

Malthus Populations will always grow faster than the available food supply Malthus believed would increase the food supply in an arithmetic progression

Malthus recognized the presence of certain forces that limit population growth, grouping these into two categories: Preventive checks and Positive checks

Preventive checks Include celibacy, the delay of marriage, and such practices as contraception within marriage, extramarital sexual relations, and prostitution.

Positive checks Events that limit reproduction either by causing the deaths of individuals before they reach reproductive age or by causing the deaths of large numbers of people, thereby lowering the overall population.

Demographic Transition Theory According to the demographic transition theory, societies pass through four stages of population change High morality Low morality High fertility Low fertility

Dependency ratio The number of people of nonworking age in a society for every 100 people of working age.

A Second Demographic Transition Transition center around a strong desire for individual advancement and improvement.

Sources of Optimism Others have questioned the basic assumptions of the doomsday model, namely exponential growth in population and production and absolute limits on natural resources and technological capabilities.

The Earliest Cities Two requirements had to be met for cities to emerge. The first was that there had to be a surplus of food and other necessities. The second requirement was that there had to be some form of social organization that went beyond the family.

Preindustrial Cities Preindustrial cities Cities established prior to the Industrial Revolution—often were walled for protection and densely packed with residents whose occupations, religion, and social class were clearly evident from symbols of dress, heraldic imagery, and manners.

Three things notes by Gideon Sjoberg Necessary for the rise of preindustrial cities First, there had to be a favorable physical environment. Second, advanced technology in either agricultural or nonagricultural areas had to have developed to provide a means of shaping the physical environment—if only to produce the enormous food surplus necessary to feed city dwellers. Finally, a well-developed system of social structures had to emerge so that the more complex needs of society could be met: an economic system, a system of social control, and a political system.

Industrial Cities Industrial cities are cities established during or after the Industrial Revolution and are characterized by large populations that work primarily in industrial and service-related jobs.

The Structure of Cities Concentric Zone Model Sector Model Multiple Nuclei Model

Park and Burgess and other members of the Chicago school of sociologists studied the internal structure of cities as revealed by what they called the ecological patterning (or spatial distribution) of urban groups.

Concentric zone model A theory of city development in which the central city is made up of : a business district, and radiating from this district is a zone of transition with low-income, crowded and unstable, residential housing with high crime rates, prostitution, gambling, and other vices a working-class residential zone a middle-class residential zone an upper-class residential zone in what we would now think of as the suburbs

Sector model Urban groups establish themselves along major transportation arteries Railroad lines Waterways highways).

Multinuclei model Emphasizes the fact that different industries have different land-use and financial requirements, which determine where they establish themselves Holds that as similar industries are established near one other, the immediate neighborhood is shaped by the nature of its typical industry, becoming one of a number of separate nuclei that together constitute the city.

The Nature of Urban Life Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft Mechanical and Organic Solidarity Social Interaction in Urban Areas Urban Neighborhoods Urban Decline Homelessness

The Nature of Urban Life Suburburn Living Excurbs

Suburban Living Suburbs are incorporated or unincorporated spatial communities that lie outside the central city but within the metropolitan area.

Exurbs Middle and upper-middle class communities that can be found in outlying semirural suburbia.