Charles I and Parliament Like his father, James I, King Charles I believed in the divine right of kings. This belief put Charles out of touch with the people and politics of England. His marriage to a French Catholic princess isolated him even further. Charles I and Parliament                

1. Charles I signs the petition of rights and then continues his old ways. 2. Rebellion breaks out in Scotland. 3. It passed a law that Parliament must meet at least every three years (Triennial Act), it kept the king from raising taxes on his own, and forced the execution of two of his advisors for treason. 4. Parliament and Charles I could not agree on who should be in command of the army.

Elizabeth I dies Elizabeth I dies in 1603 with no heir. The Stuarts of Scotland inherited the throne. So, King James VI of Scotland becomes King James I of England. James believes in divine right and ignores Parliament

James the “wisest fool in Christendom” 1603-1625 James I believed in “Divine Right of Kings” and failed to work with parliament. James didn’t tolerate the Puritans who wanted to change the Anglican Church.

A brief summary of the history of Britain in the time of the Stuarts (1603-1714) Ruling family / system King/Queen/Ruler Dates HOUSE OF STUART James I1603-1625  Charles I 1625-1649 COMMONWEALTH & PROTECTORATE Council of State1649-1653  Oliver Cromwell1653-1658  Richard Cromwell1658-1659 HOUSE OF STUART (RESTORED) Charles II1660-1685  James II 1685-1688  William III & Mary II1689-1694  William III 1694-1702  Anne 1702-1714

King Charles I “So bad a king” 1625-1649 Battled with Parliament following the policies of his dad James I. Charles dismissed parliament, sold titles to nobility, gave special privileges to businesses, heavily taxed cities and forced people to make him loans which he never repaid.

Petition of Rights 1628 King could not force people to pay taxes or make loans Disband special courts Right of Habeas Corpus No quartering of troops Charles signed the Petition and then ignored it!

Scots invade England 1638 Charles becomes unpopular in Scotland, the Scots come after him. Charles needs money for the war, calls parliament asking for more money Charles pays Scots tribute to leave England

LONG PARLIAMENT 1640-1653 Parliament passes several limiting the power of the King. Triennial Act Abolished Charles special courts No new taxes without consent of Parliament Charles signs the bills and then arrests the leaders of parliament

English Civil War 1642-1649 Charles action starts a Civil War Cavaliers supported the King and the Roundheads supported Parliament Oliver Cromwell’s New Model Army defeated the Cavaliers Charles flees to Scotland, Scots turn him over to the English January 30, 1649 Charles is beheaded

Roundhead Army

English Civil War

5. Cromwell took charge. The monarchy and the House of Lords were abolished. 6. This prevented Cromwell from creating a representative form of government. 7. It discouraged other groups from acting against the government. 8. He lost the army’s support, and Charles II returned to England.

Three faces Charles I

A. Petition of Rights Key Terms This petition stated four ancient liberties: (1) the king could not tax the people without the agreement of Parliament; (2) he could not declare martial law; (3) he could not board soldiers in private homes during peacetime; and (4) he could not imprison a person without a specific charge. Charles signed the Petition of Right, but continued to impose taxes anyway. When members of the House of Commons protested, Charles dismissed Parliament.

King Charles I and wife Henrietta Charles was the son of James I King Charles I and wife Henrietta Charles was the son of James I. Henrietta was sister of Louis XIII of France and a Catholic.(Charles’s children would be raised as Catholics and live in France after his execution)

B. Long Parliament English Parliament elected in 1640 that convened on and off for 20 years. C. . Cavaliers those who supported the king in the English Civil War; also known as royalists. D. Roundheads those who supported Parliament in the English Civil War G. New Model Army Cromwell's powerful army that defeated King Charles in the English Civil War.

E. Commonwealth A republic. In November 1647 Charles fled England and rallied his Scottish supporters to fight. . Cromwell's army crushed them, however, and moved on Parliament, keeping the king's supporters out. The Cromwell-controlled Parliament, known as the Rump Parliament, abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords. It proclaimed England a commonwealth, or republic. New Model Army Cromwell's powerful army that defeated King Charles in the English Civil War.

Oliver Cromwell ruler of England’s First Commonwealth         Oliver Cromwell ruler of England’s First Commonwealth

Cromwell tried twice to establish a constitution—a document outlining the basic laws and principles that govern a nation. The Instrument of Government of 1653 was the first written constitution of any major European nation. It provided that landowners would elect members of Parliament.

The experiment with republican government in England eventually failed The experiment with republican government in England eventually failed. Cromwell quarreled with Parliament, which resented his power. He eventually dissolved Parliament and ruled alone. After Cromwell died in 1658, his son Richard became lord protector. Richard was a weak leader, however, and lost the army's support.

SECTION TWO CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY IN ENGLAND 1660

RESTORATION 1660 In 1660, after much debate and with the army's support, Parliament invited Charles II, the Stuart son of Charles I, to return to England.

Charles II son of Charles I came to power in 1660 known as the “Merry Monarch” thought to have fathered over 300 children.

1. Charles II used secrecy and roundabout methods to gain his ends. 2 1..Charles II used secrecy and roundabout methods to gain his ends. 2. The Tories were a group that usually supported the Anglican Church and the king, however, they were willing to accept James as a king even though he favored Catholics. 3. The Whigs were a group that claimed to deny the throne to James II. They wanted a strong Parliament and opposed having a Catholic ruler.

4. They feared that the son of James II would begin a line of Catholic rulers on the English throne. 5. Hobbes wrote Leviathan. He believed that people acted from self-interest and with out regard for the rights or welfare of others. Therefore, the best government was that of an absolute monarch.

James II a Catholic brother of Charles II ruled 1685-1688

John Locke THOMAS HOBBES

******Add to your notes********* 1688 Glorious Revolution After James II’s produced a male heir, the English fearing a line of Catholic Stuarts, forced James and his family to leave England. ******Add to your notes*********

WilliamIII and Mary II Parliament invited William of Orange the monarch of the Netherlands to come with his wife King William III and Queen Mary II of England, who ruled jointly after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 had expelled Mary's father, King James II. William and Mary were Protestants, and James was a Roman Catholic; since the time of William and Mary, the ruler of England has always upheld Protestantism in England. William and Mary were both grandchildren of Charles I making them first cousins.

Important events William and Mary 1689 Bill of Rights establishes a limited monarchy in England 1701 Act of Settlement excluded a Catholic from becoming king 1707 Act of Union establishes the United Kingdom of England, Scotland and Wales. 8. Act of Toleration allowed people to have freedom of Religion

Glorious Revolution 1688 Mary II William III

Last of the Stuarts Queen Anne (Mary’s younger sister) rules England after the deaths of William and Mary. Despite having 18 children, when she dies, she has no heir. George of Hanover great grandson of James I would become king.

7. Parliament 8. It granted some religious freedoms to English dissenters. 9. The majority party in Parliament 10. First minister, top position in Parliament and chief advisor to the King. Robert Walpole was Britain’s first Prime Minister.

Robert Walpole England’s first prime minister (1676-1745) Walpole, first Earl of Orford, is considered to be England's first prime minister. He dominated politics in the reigns of George I and George II as a leader of the Whigs.

6 Locke wrote Two Treatises of Government 6 Locke wrote Two Treatises of Government. He accepted the idea of the social contract that a government existed to protect the people’s rights of life, liberty and property. He believed that the people had the right to change their government if it failed to protect these rights.

Thomas Hobbes—English philosopher who lived through the English Civil War. In 1651 he wrote a book LEVIATHAN describing the true nature of man and justification for an absolute monarchy. Man was selfish in nature and without strong rulers, the powerful would destroy the weak.

Writ of Habeas Corpus—”you shall have the body” protected individuals against unfair arrest and imprisonment. English Bill of Rights—ruler of England would be subject to the laws of parliament. It created a limited monarchy and protected individual rights of citizens. Toleration Act 1689—religious freedom for the English Act of Settlement 1701—only Protestants could rule England