PERCEPTION!

Our Essential Questions How does perception influence our perspectives? What is the Gestalt perspective? What are the various types of perceptions we have?

Perception The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensation Sensation is the stimulation, perception is the interpretation

What do you think this mental integration, organization and interpretation is influenced by?

Perceptions influenced by: ----Motivation ----Values ----Expectations ----Experience ----Culture ----Cognitive Style ----Personality

Perception Selective Attention focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

Visual Capture tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensation Perception – say it The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensation

Perceptual Constancy We perceive objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image color/ brightness shape size

The door changes shape, but you know that it doesn’t really change

Visual capture tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

Gestalt Psychology “unified whole” Whole>sum of its parts If we break experiences into their basic parts, something important is lost

What do you see here?

What do you see here?

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Gestalt Psychology Gestalt Psychologists focus on how we normally perceive images as groups, not isolated elements Several factors influence how we will group objects: -Proximity -Similarity -Continuity -Closure

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Figure- Ground relationship organization of the visual field into object (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground) Analyzing separate information allows us to re-act to each individual object accordingly Camouflage – when figures blend into the background

Camouflage

What is the figure, and what is the background here?

Dyslexia: inability to revisualize the gestalt of the word Is this a problem with sensation or perception?

Can you remember? 836492059

How’d you do? 836492059

Grouping tendency to organize stimuli into groups Aka “chunking” Patterns, shapes, forms How many #s can we remember?

So how do we group? Similarity Proximity Continuity Closure

Grouping - Similarity The tendency to place items that look similar into a group

Grouping - Proximity The tendency to place objects that are physically close to each other in a group

Grouping - Continuity The tendency to follow a line and continue along the simplest, smoothest path

Grouping - Closure The tendency to fill in gaps in a perceptual field

Perceptual Set a bias or readiness to perceive certain aspects of available sensory data and to ignore others Stereotypes?

Perpetual Set - UFO

Depth Perception ability to see objects in 3D allows us to judge distance

Let’s try it! Binocular vs. monocular…which one’s better? With both eyes open, touch your index fingers together in front of your face. Now close one eye and try. Try at different distances.

Depth Perception: Binocular Depth Cues Module 10: Perception

Depth Perception – Binocular Cues Retinal disparity: differences between 2 images of 1 scene most effective when the item is quite close to the person

Depth Perception – Binocular Cues Convergence: 2 eyes focusing on the same object creates tension The more tension, the closer the object Works best at close distances

Binocular Depth Cues: Finger Sausage

Depth Perception: Monocular Depth Cues Module 10: Perception

Depth Perception - Monocular Cues Relative size: Using the perceived size of a familiar object to determine depth The larger the object appears, the closer the object is to the viewer

Depth Perception - Monocular Cues Relative motion: when moving, we can determine depth by focusing on a distant object Aka motion parallax http://psych.hanover.edu/krantz/motionparallax/motionparallax.html

Relative Motion

Depth Perception – Monocular Cues Figure-ground: tendency to organize stimuli into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surrounding (the ground) figure = object (s) that draws one’s attention ground = background

What is the figure, and what is the background here?

Depth Perception – Monocular Cues Interposition/Overlap: closer object blocks distant object

Depth Perception – Monocular Cues Relative clarity: distant objects are less clear than nearby objects Texture gradient: distant objects have a smoother texture than nearby objects

Depth Perception – Monocular Cues Relative height: distant objects appear higher in your field of vision than do closer objects Linear perspective: parallel lines appear to converge in the distance horizon

How does perception influence our perspectives? Let’s Wrap Up Explain the following: “Everyday experience is not a literal transcript of the world, but an ongoing process of construction by the mind.” How does perception influence our perspectives?

images that differ from objective reality

Illusions Stroboscopic motion: timed flashing lights that gives the illusion of movement

Perceptual Illusions When our normal, automatic perception processes guide us to the wrong conclusions

Muller- Lyer Illusion Which area is longer?

How about these ?

Which monster and line segment is larger?

Examples Depth perception in action

Depth cues that require the use of both eyes Binocular Cues Depth cues that require the use of both eyes