Describing Data: Two Variables STAT 250 Dr. Kari Lock Morgan Describing Data: Two Variables SECTIONS 2.4, 2.5 One quantitative variable (2.4) One quantitative and one categorical (2.4) Two quantitative (2.5)

Honeybee Waggle Dances https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7ijI-g4jHg

Honeybee Waggle Dance Honeybee scouts investigate new home or food source options; the scouts communicate the information to the hive with a “waggle dance” Scientists took bees to an island with only two possible options for nesting: one of very high quality and one of low quality. They recorded Quality of nesting site Distance to nesting site Number of waggle dance circuits performed Duration of waggle dance B Seeley, T., Honeybee Democracy, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2010, p. 128

Questions of the Day How many circuits of the waggle dance do honey bees do? How is this related to quality of a nesting site? How is duration of the dance related to distance to a nesting site?

Other Measures of Location Maximum = largest data value Minimum = smallest data value Quartiles: Q1 = median of the values below m. Q3 = median of the values above m.

Five Number Summary Five Number Summary: Min Max Q1 Q3 m 25%

Five Number Summary The distribution of number of circuits is Symmetric Right-skewed Left-skewed Impossible to tell

The Pth percentile is the value which is greater than P% of the data We already used z-scores to determine whether an SAT score of 2100 or an ACT score of 28 is better We could also have used percentiles: ACT score of 28: 91st percentile SAT score of 2100: 97th percentile

Small for Gestational Age (SGA) Children are diagnosed as Small for Gestational Age (SGA) if, when compared to other children of the same gestational age at birth, their birth weight… Has a z-score less than -2 Is less than the 3rd percentile When do we expect these two criteria to be roughly the same? For any distribution For any symmetric distribution Only for bell-shaped distributions Never

Five Number Summary Five Number Summary: Min Max Q1 Q3 m 25% 0th percentile 25th percentile 50th percentile 75th percentile 100th percentile

Measures of Spread Range = Max – Min Interquartile Range (IQR) = Q3 – Q1 Is the range resistant to outliers? Yes No Is the IQR resistant to outliers?

Comparing Statistics Measures of Center: Measures of Spread: Mean (not resistant) Median (resistant) Measures of Spread: Standard deviation (not resistant) IQR (resistant) Range (not resistant) Most often, we use the mean and the standard deviation, because they are calculated based on all the data values, so use all the available information

Boxplot Middle 50% of data Median *For boxplots, outliers are defined as any point more than 1.5 IQRs beyond the quartiles (although you don’t have to know that) Outlier Outlier Lines (“whiskers”) extend from each quartile to the most extreme value that is not an outlier Middle 50% of data Q3 Median Q1 Minitab: Graph -> Boxplot -> One Y -> Simple

Boxplot This boxplot shows a distribution that is Symmetric Left-skewed Right-skewed

Summary: One Quantitative Variable Summary Statistics Center: mean, median Spread: standard deviation, range, IQR 5 number summary Percentiles Visualization Dotplot Histogram Boxplot Other concepts Shape: symmetric, skewed, bell-shaped Outliers, resistance z-scores

Questions of the Day How many circuits of the waggle dance do honey bees do? How is this related to quality of a nesting site?

One Quantitative and One Categorical How is number of waggle circuits related to the quality of the nesting site? Two variables One quantitative (number of circuits) One categorical (quality – low or high) Can do anything for one quantitative variable, broken down by categorical groups

Side-by-Side Boxplots

Stacked Dotplots

Quantitative Statistics by a Categorical Variable Any of the statistics we use for a quantitative variable can be looked at separately for each level of a categorical variable

Difference in Means Often, when comparing a quantitative variable across two categories, we compute the difference in means Honeybees perform 60.5 circuits more, on average, for the high quality site as opposed to the low quality site.

Association? Does there appear to be an association between number of waggle circuits and quality of potential nesting site? Yes No

Summary: One Quantitative and One Categorical Summary Statistics Any summary statistics for quantitative variables, broken down by groups Difference in means Visualization Side-by-side graphs

Questions of the Day How many circuits of the waggle dance do honey bees do? How is this related to quality of a nesting site? How is duration of the dance related to distance to a nesting site?

Two Quantitative Variables How is duration of the dance related to distance to a nesting site? Two quantitative variables Summary Statistics: correlation Visualization: scatterplot

Scatterplot A scatterplot is the graph of the relationship between two quantitative variables.

Direction of Association A positive association means that values of one variable tend to be higher when values of the other variable are higher A negative association means that values of one variable tend to be lower when values of the other variable are higher Two variables are not associated if knowing the value of one variable does not give you any information about the value of the other variable

Correlation The correlation is a measure of the strength and direction of linear association between two quantitative variables Sample correlation: r Population correlation:  (“rho”) r = 0.994 for duration of dance and distance to site

Correlation -1 ≤ r ≤ 1 The sign indicates the direction of association positive association: r > 0 negative association: r < 0 no linear association: r  0 The closer r is to ±1, the stronger the linear association r has no units and does not depend on the units of measurement The correlation between X and Y is the same as the correlation between Y and X

Correlation Guessing Game http://www.istics.net/Correlations/ Enter pennstate for the group ID. Highest scorer in the class by the first exam gets one extra credit point on Exam 1!

Correlation NFL Teams r = 0.43

Testosterone Levels and Time What is the correlation between testosterone levels and hour of the day? Positive Negative About 0 Are testosterone level and hour of the day associated? Yes No

TVs and Life Expectancy

Correlation Cautions Correlation can be heavily affected by outliers. Always plot your data! r = 0 means no linear association. The variables could still be otherwise associated. Always plot your data! Correlation does not imply causation!

Summary: Two Quantitative Variables Summary Statistics: correlation Visualization: scatterplot

Variable(s) Visualization Summary Statistics Categorical bar chart, pie chart frequency table, relative frequency table, proportion Quantitative dotplot, histogram, boxplot mean, median, max, min, standard deviation, range, IQR, five number summary Categorical vs Categorical side-by-side bar chart, segmented bar chart two-way table, difference in proportions Quantitative vs Categorical side-by-side boxplots, Stacked dotplots statistics by group, difference in means Quantitative vs Quantitative scatterplot correlation

Descriptive Statistics Think of a topic or question you would like to use data to help you answer. What would the cases be? What would the variables be? (Limit to one or two variables) How would you visualize or summarize the variable or association between variables?

Descriptive Statistics How would you visualize and summarize the variable or relationship between variables? bar chart/pie chart, proportions, frequency table/relative frequency table dotplot/histogram/boxplot, mean/median, sd/range/IQR, five number summary side-by-side bar charts, difference in proportions, two-way table side-by-side boxplot, difference in means scatterplot, correlation

To Do HW 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 (due Monday, 2/6)