Unit 7 Test Review Introduction: Organism and Energy History of Life Introduction to Photosynthesis Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Breathing & Cellular respiration Fermentation

Introduction: Organism and Energy

An autotroph and/or a producer. What are the 2 possible names of an organism that can make its own food?

What do you call organisms that must eat other organisms for energy? Heterotrophs or consumers. What do you call organisms that must eat other organisms for energy?

Stored energy is known as? Potential energy. Stored energy is known as?

Energy in motion is known as? Kinetic energy. Energy in motion is known as?

Energy stored in molecules, such as glucose, is called? Chemical energy. Energy stored in molecules, such as glucose, is called?

Thermal energy. The total amount of energy associated with the random movement of atoms and molecules in a sample of matter is called?

A Calorie The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1o C is called?

A Kilocalorie The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1,000 grams of water by 1o C is called.

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics? You cannot create or destroy energy - it can be converted from one form to another. What is the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Cellular metabolism All the chemical reactions occurring in the cell at any given time is known as?

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins What three types of macromolecules are broken down during cellular respiration to make (ATP)?

Glucose What is the basic molecule used by all organisms during cellular respiration to make (ATP)?

What type of molecule is glucose? A carbohydrate What type of molecule is glucose?

History of Life

What are the anaerobic organisms found in the Mexican caves called? Snottites. What are the anaerobic organisms found in the Mexican caves called? 17

4.5 billion years old How old is Earth? 18

How was the moon created? From the remnants of a meteorite, the size of Mars, the collided with Earth How was the moon created? 19

What was the atmosphere on Earth like 4 billion years ago? Carbon dioxide and Hydrogen sulfide gases What was the atmosphere on Earth like 4 billion years ago? 20

What are the four most common elements in living organisms? Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen What are the four most common elements in living organisms? 21

Where might life have first evolved on the Earth? Deep sea volcanic vents in the Oceans Where might life have first evolved on the Earth? 22

How old are the oldest fossils on Earth? 3.5 billion years old How old are the oldest fossils on Earth? 23

What do the oldest fossils on year look like? Stromatolites What do the oldest fossils on year look like? 24

Cyanobacteria What organisms account for the vast increase in oxygen content of Earth’s atmosphere? 25

What did the increase in oxygen content of Earth’s atmosphere allow? The evolution of multicellular organisms What did the increase in oxygen content of Earth’s atmosphere allow? 26

Extremophiles Organisms that are able to live in environments such as volcanic or in acidic water are called? 27

Where might the “Molecules of Life” such as amino acids originate? Outer space Where might the “Molecules of Life” such as amino acids originate? 28

From space on Meteorites and Comets. It is thought that the organic molecules, which form the basis of life on Earth, might have come from where?

Hydrogen sulfide gas What substance do the anaerobic organisms found near seafloor volcanic vents use for energy? 30

Introduction to Photosynthesis

Glucose and Oxygen. What are the 2 products of photosynthesis used in cellular respiration?

Refer to the diagram above. What are the products of photosynthesis?

? ? ? ? Refer to the diagram above. What are the product(s) of cellular respiration?

? ? ? ? Refer to the diagram above. What are the reactants that enter of photosynthesis?

Refer to the diagram above. What powers photosynthesis?

What is the energy that powers photosynthesis? Sunlight What is the energy that powers photosynthesis?

What are the by-products of cellular respiration? Carbon dioxide and Water What are the by-products of cellular respiration?

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A phosphate groups it removed. How is energy released from ATP?

Adenine, ribose (sugar), and a triphosphate tail. Name the 3 parts of ATP.

What is the energy source for all cellular activities? ATP What is the energy source for all cellular activities?

What are the three parts of an ATP molecule?

What is lost from a molecule of ATP when it is used as an energy source?

What molecule is created when ATP is used as energy to do cellular work?

When ATP loses a phosphate groups what does it become? ADP When ATP loses a phosphate groups what does it become?

“A” “B” “C” When ATP is used to accomplish cellular work, what type of “work” is illustrated in column “A” above?

“A” “B” “C” When ATP is used to accomplish cellular work, what type of “work” is illustrated in column “B” above?

“A” “B” “C” When ATP is used to accomplish cellular work, what type of “work” is illustrated in column “C” above?

Breathing & Cellular respiration

List the reactants used during cellular respiration. Glucose and Oxygen List the reactants used during cellular respiration.

Where does breathing occur? Cells Where does breathing occur?

Where does cellular respiration occur? Cells Within the mitochondrion of cells Where does cellular respiration occur?

What gas is used during cellular respiration? Cells Within the mitochondrion of cells What gas is used during cellular respiration?

What gas exits cellular respiration? Cells Within the mitochondrion of cells What gas exits cellular respiration?

What gas exits the blood during breathing? Cells Within the mitochondrion of cells What gas exits the blood during breathing?

What gas enters the blood during breathing? Cells Within the mitochondrion of cells What gas enters the blood during breathing?

Where does gas exchange occur within the lungs during breathing? In small sacs called alveoli within the lungs Cells Within the mitochondrion of cells Where does gas exchange occur within the lungs during breathing?

40% What % of the energy found in food is converted to ATP during cellular respiration?

Lost as heat – maintains body temperature What happens to the energy (60%) not used during cellular respiration to make ATP?

If a reaction requires oxygen what is it called? Aerobic If a reaction requires oxygen what is it called?

Where does glycolysis occur? In the cytoplasm of the cell. Where does glycolysis occur?

In what organelle does cellular respiration occur? The mitochondria In what organelle does cellular respiration occur?

The Krebs cycle. If oxygen is present, what is the next stage of of cellular respiration after glycolysis?

What 2 molecules are produced at the end of glycolysis? 2 pyruvate molecules What 2 molecules are produced at the end of glycolysis? 65

What is pyruvate converted to before it enters the Krebs cycle? Acetyl CoA (Acetyl Coenzyme A) What is pyruvate converted to before it enters the Krebs cycle? 66

What are the products of the Krebs cycle? NADH, FADH2, ATP, CO2 What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

Oxygen accepts the electrons and water is produced. What is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain, and what is produced? 68

Protons (hydrogen ions) flow through ATP Synthase. How is ATP produced at the end of the Electron Transport Chain?

What molecule starts the Krebs cycle? Acetyl Coenzyme A also called acetyl CoA What molecule starts the Krebs cycle?

What is/are the products of glycolysis? 2 pyruvate molecules, 4 ATP (2 net ATP), and 2 NADH What is/are the products of glycolysis?

Cellular respiration produces CO2 and H2O and photosynthesis uses CO2 and H2O What is the major difference between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

List the products of cellular respiration. CO2, H2O, ATP List the products of cellular respiration.

What are the three stages of cellular respiration? Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron Transport Chain What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

The matrix The fluid found inside the inner membrane of the mitochondrion where the Krebs cycle takes place is called?

Reduced – reduction is the gaining of electrons When oxygen accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport has oxygen been reduced to oxidized?

Water When oxygen accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain what is produced?

When NADH loses electrons to become NAD+ this process is called? Oxidation When NADH loses electrons to become NAD+ this process is called?

What 3 types of information can be gained from the following name? 1. The molecule contains 2 phosphate groups. 2. It is a 6-carbon molecule. 3. The phosphate groups are located on the #1 and #6 carbons. What 3 types of information can be gained from the following name? Fructose - 1, 6 diphosphate

What is the ultimate goal of cellular respiration? To produce ATP. What is the ultimate goal of cellular respiration?

Where does the Krebs cycle occur? In the matrix of the mitochondria. Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

Write the balanced equation for cellular respiration? C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + About 38 ATP Write the balanced equation for cellular respiration?

ATP The electrons from NADH and FADH2 are used to produce what during the Electron Transport Chain?

Fermentation

What is the by-product of fermentation in animal cells? Lactic Acid What is the by-product of fermentation in animal cells?

Muscle cells, some fungi, and some bacteria. Yeast What types of organisms produce lactic acids when using fermentations to produce energy?

Muscle cells, some fungi, and some bacteria. Yeast What types of organisms produce ethyl alcohol when using fermentations to produce energy?

Muscle cells, some fungi, and some bacteria. Yeast When yeast produces ethyl alcohol during fermentation what gas is released?

Muscle cells, some fungi, and some bacteria. Yeast What is the by-product of fermentation in animal cells, fungi, and bacteria?

What is the by-product of fermentation in yeast? Muscle cells, some fungi, and some bacteria. Yeast What is the by-product of fermentation in yeast?

A reaction that does not require oxygen is called? Anaerobic A reaction that does not require oxygen is called?

What is/are the by-product(s) of fermentation in yeast. CO2 and ethyl alcohol. What is/are the by-product(s) of fermentation in yeast.

If oxygen is not present what happens after glycolysis? Fermentation. If oxygen is not present what happens after glycolysis?

How will animal and yeast cells make energy when no oxygen is present? Through Glycolysis and Fermentation How will animal and yeast cells make energy when no oxygen is present?