The ability to perform work Energy The ability to perform work Ex: your heart muscle does work every time it beats Two basic forms of energy Potential kinetic

Is stored energy due to an object’s position or arrangement Potential Energy Is stored energy due to an object’s position or arrangement

Anything that is moving Kinetic - “motion” Kinetic Energy Energy of motion Anything that is moving Kinetic - “motion”

Energy that has been transferred From areas that are warmer to cooler Thermal Energy Energy that has been transferred From areas that are warmer to cooler

This is called chemical energy Organic compounds store energy (potential) in the way their atoms are arranged. This is called chemical energy

Types of Organisms Some Organisms use sunlight to make food in a process called photosynthesis: These organisms are called AUTOTROPHS or PRODUCERS. These organisms are called HETEROTROPHS or CONSUMERS. Some organisms cannot use sunlight to make food-they must eat instead:

Types of Organisms No matter how organisms get their food ALL get their energy FROM THE FOOD in the SAME way. Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration is a Process in which organisms create ATP from the food they make or eat.

What is ATP? Adenosine Tri-Phosphate: Made of three things 1.) Ribose (sugar) 2.) Adenosine (base) 3.) Three phosphates Key to the activity of ATP is release energy as the bonds break between the phosphates

ATP ADP AMP ATP to ADP To ADP releases energy

Cellular Respiration During Cellular Respiration we take potential energy (stored energy) called chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose and turn it into ATP. ATP is called free energy because it is available to do any type of work needed in our cells called Kinetic Energy (energy available for work) The amount of energy released is measure in calories or kilocalories The more energy a type of food can release the more calories it has

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration: catabolic, exergonic, aerobic process that uses energy to extract ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from an organic molecule called glucose Catabolic: breaks molecules down Exergonic: releases energy Aerobic: oxygen (O2) requiring

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration is similar to breathing and respiration Breathing and respiration is an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the outside air Cellular respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the cells and the blood

Cellular Respiration Makes up to 38 ATP Cellular Respiration uses the glucose we eat and the glucose plants make as well as the oxygen we breathe to create up to 38 ATP as well as the carbon dioxide we breathe out and water.

Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration takes place in three stages and in different places of the cell. Glycolysis: Cytoplasm (cytosol)Mitochondrial Krebs Cycle: Mitochondrial Matrix Electron Transport Chain: Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Cellular Respiration: Mitochondria The mitochondria is designed to complete cellular respiration with maximum energy production. > There are many folds in the membrane to increase surface area and allows many reactions of Cellular Respiration to occur at once. This produces a lot of ATP.

Cellular Respiration is broken into three main parts. 1.) Glycolysis: sugar splitting phase (glucose is the sugar) 2.) Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Extracts the energy from glucose 3.) Electron Transport Chain/ATP Synthase: Turns the energy into ATP for the body to use *In total makes from 34 to 38 ATP**

A. Energy investment phase Begin with a Glucose molecule Stage 1: Glycolysis Location: Occurs in the cytoplasm just outside of mitochondria in two phases. A. Energy investment phase Begin with a Glucose molecule Put 2 ATP in to start the reaction B. Energy yielding phase Create 4 ATP MAIN GOAL: To split glucose (sugar splitting)

Glycolysis Process: Invest 2 ATP to start the reaction and a Glucose molecule Split glucose molecule in half to create two molecules of Pyruvic Acid (each having 3-Carbons) Produces two molecules of NADH from NAD+ Produces 4 new ATP molecules NET GAIN: 2 ATP (4 Produced - 2 Invested)

Glycolysis Reactants 2 ATP Molecules 1 Glucose Molecule 2 NAD+ Molecules 4 ADP Molecules Products 2 ADP Molecules 2 Pyruvate Molecules 2 NADH Molecules 4 ATP Molecules

Location: in the Mitochondrial Matrix Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Location: in the Mitochondrial Matrix Main Goal: To Break down pyruvate (pyruvic acid) into carbon dioxide and Acetyl Co-A and release more energy Process: -Each pyruvate loses one carbon and makes a 2 carbon molecule called Acetyl CoA -The carbon joins with the oxygen (aerobic) that breathe in to create the carbon dioxide we exhale -The Acetyl Co-A can then diffuse into the matrix of the mitochondria

One for each pyruvate (pyruvic Acid) Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Since there are two molecules of Acetyl Co A entering the Krebs cycle there must be two turns of the cycle. One for each pyruvate (pyruvic Acid) 1. 2.

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Reactants: Products from glycolysis Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA ADP Oxygen FAD NAD+ Products: 4 Carbon Molecule to be recycled ATP Carbon Dioxide FADH2 NADH

Location: Inner Membranes of Mitochondria Electron Transport Chain Location: Inner Membranes of Mitochondria Main Goal: Use hydrogen ions and electrons to make up to 34 ATP Process: -All NADH and FADH2 are electron carrier molecules - Made from glycolysis and Krebs cycle NADH and FADH2 donate electrons and hydrogen ions to make ATP

Electron Transport Chain Reactants: ALL NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle ADP Products: NAD+ and FAD ATP

Fermentation In some cases there is little to no oxygen present and organisms still need energy. Since cellular respiration is an aerobic process it cannot occur with out oxygen. -Fermentation occurs when no oxygen is present (anaerobic) -Two Types 1. Lactic Acid: Completes glycolysis and produces lactic acid 2. Alcoholic: Completes glycolysis and produces alcohol