CELLULAR RESPIRATION Definition Process of releasing energy (catabolism) stored in molecules to produce ATP which is used to drive biosynthetic reactions (anabolism).

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Energy-Releasing Pathways Anaerobic Definition Energy exchange occurring in the cell cytoplasm that does not use oxygen as the final electron acceptor.    Aerobic Energy exchange occurring in the mitochondria using oxygen as the final electron acceptor.

OXIDATION/REDUCTION Redox Coenzymes Hydrogen Atoms Oxidation Reducing NAD+ and FAD Accept H atoms to become NADH & FADH2 Oxidizing NADH and FADH2 Release H atoms to become NAD+ & FAD Hydrogen Atoms Oxidation Release an electron to become H+

ANAEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION Glycolysis Glucose ----> 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH  

Figure 8.4

ANAEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION Alcoholic Fermentation Pyruvate ----> 2 Ethanol + CO2 + 2 ATP    

ANAEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION Lactate Fermentation Pyruvate ----> 2 Lactate + 2 ATP    

ANAEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION Anaerobic Electron Transport Sulfates & Nitrogen used as electron acceptors  

AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION I. Pyruvate/Krebs Cycle Bridge Pyruvate ----> Acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH  

AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION II. Krebs (Citric Acid, TCA) Cycle Acetyl CoA + Oxalacetate ----> Citrate + CO2 + NADH + FADH2  

Fig. 7.2

AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION III. Electron Transport Chain NADH ----> NAD+ + H+ + e- FADH2 ----> FAD + 2H+ + 2e-  

AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION IV. Chemiosmosis (Electron Transport Phosphorylation)   ATP Synthase ADP + Pi ----------------------------> ATP (H+)  

AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION V. Final Electron Acceptance H+ + e- + ½ O2 ----> H2O  

CELLULAR RESPIRATION Final Endproducts CO2 H2O ENERGY (100% Potential) 36 ATP or 38 ATP (40%) ANAEROBIC: 2 AEROBIC: 34 (Skeletal Muscles & Brain) 36 (Liver, Kidneys, Heart) HEAT (60%) Unusable energy for the cell

Fig. 7.9

CARBOHYDRATE CELLULAR RESPIRATION Glycogen ----> Glucose ----> Pyruvate Pyruvate Anaerobic (Possible Pathways) ----> Glycerol ----> Alcohol ----> Lactate ----> Amino Acids Aerobic (Possible Pathways) ----> Acetyl CoA ---> Krebs Cycle----> Chemiosmosis ----> Fatty Acids ----> Triglycerides

PROTEIN CELLULAR RESPIRATION Proteins ---> Amino Acids (AA) ----> Deamination (-NH3+) Amino Acids (Possible Pathways) a) Pyruvate ----> Glucose ----> Glycerol ----> Acetyl CoA   b) Acetyl CoA ----> FA ---> TG ----> Krebs ---> ETP c) Oxalacetate ---> Krebs ---> ETP 2) NH3+ ----> Ammonia ----> Urea

LIPIDS CELLULAR RESPIRATION Triglycerides--> Fatty Acids + Glycerol 1) Fatty Acids ----> Acetyl CoA ----> Krebs Cycle ----> Chemiosmosis 2) Glycerol----> Pyruvate ----> Glucose ----> Amino Acid ----> Acetyl CoA

ALCOHOL CELLULAR RESPIRATION Ethanol ---> Acetaldehyde ---> Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA ----> Krebs Cycle ----> Chemiosmosis ----> Fatty Acids ----> Triglycerides