Aseptic processing and Classification of Microorganisms

“Aseptic Processing” or“Aseptic technique”

What is Aseptic Processing? The production of sterile drug products by bringing together the product, container, and closure that have been subjected to different sterilization methods separately, and assembled them in an extremely high quality environment by skilled personnel using the right tools.

Aseptic Processing: Essential Elements

Facilities Required for Aseptic process Aseptic condition Clean and sterile area Preparation room Animal room Microbiology lab. Storage facilities

Equipments Required for Aseptic process Laminar air flow Sterilizer Incubator Refrigerator Freezer Co2 cylinder Centrifuge Water purifier Heamocytometer Liq. N2 freezer Slow cooling device Pipette washer Air-condition room Bio weapons room Bio hazard work & material

CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS

Classification of Microorganisms: Microbes can be classified into four major groups: 1- Protozoa 2- Bacteria. 3- Fungi. 4- Viruses. 1- The Protozoa: These are unicellular organisms with protoplasm differentiated into nucleus and cytoplasm. Diameters in the range of 2-100 μm. The most important groups of medical protozoa are: Amoeba: Entamoeba species. Mode of Motility: pseudopodia.

Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms that 2- The bacteria: Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms that multiply by binary fission. Bacteria can be classified according to morphology, arrangement, and staining reaction into the following groups: 1- Filamentous bacteria: Streptomyces: antibiotic producers. 2- True bacteria: Cocci: Gram positive: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus. Gram negative: Neisseria. Bacilli: Gram positive: Bacillus, Clostridum, Corynebacterium. Gram negative: Enterobacteriaceae, Brucella. 3- Spirochetes: Slender flexuous spiral bacteria. Borrelia, Treponema, Leptospira. 4- Mycoplasma: The Smallest bacteria that lack of a rigid cell wall. 5- Rickettsiae and Chlamydiae: intracellular parasites.

Medical fungi can be divided into: 3- The Fungi: Eucaryotic, saprophytic or parasitic organisms possessing relatively rigid cell walls. Medical fungi can be divided into: 1- Mould: Branching filaments; hyphae, mycelium. Usually 2 to 10 μm in width. Example: Epidermophyton, Trichophyton, Microsporum, Aspergillus. 2- True Yeasts: these are ovoid or spherical cells that reproduce asexually by budding and sexually with formation of spores. Example : Cryptococcus spp. 3- Dimorphic fungi: Produce a vegetative mycelium in artificial media, but are yeast like in infected lesions. Example: Histoplasma. 4- Yeast- like fungi: Example: Candida ( Pseudomycelium).

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4- The viruses: Viruses consist of DNA or RNA enclosed in a simple protein shell known as a capsid. General properties of viruses They are very small in size, from 20-300 m. They contain one kind of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) as their genome. They are metabolically inert They are obligate intracellular parasites. They are only seen by electron microscope. Depend on the parasitized cell for survival and multiplication

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Cocci in pairs are called diplococci, for example, meningococci and gonococci. Cocci in chains are called streptococci, for example Streptococcus pyogens. Cocci in irregular groups are called Staphylococci, for example, Staphylococcus aureus.

2. Rods (bacilli): These are stick-like bacteria with rounded, square, or swollen ends. They measure 1-10 micrometer in length by 0.3-1.0 micrometer in width. It may arranged in: A- Chains, for example, Streptobacillus species. B- Branching chains, for example, lactobacilli . C- Mass together, for example, Mycobacterium leprae. D- Remain attached at various angles resembling Chinese letters, for example, Corynebacterium diphtheria.

3-Vibrios: These are small slightly curved rods measuring 3-4 micrometer in length by 0.5 micrometers in width. Most vibrios are motile with a single flagellum at one end. They show a rapid darting motility. For example: vibrio cholerae.

4-Spirochetes: These are flexible, coiled, motile organism, 6-20 micrometer in length. They progress by rapid body movements. Spirochetes are divided into three main groups: A- Treponemes. B- Borreliae. C- Leptospires.

Structure of bacterial cells: Size, Shape, and Arrangement of bacterial cells: Morphology and arrangement of bacterial cells are criteria used for classification of bacteria into following groups: 1. Cocci (Singular: coccus). 2. Rods (bacilli), (Singular: rod, bacillus). 3. Vibrios (Singular: vibrio). 4. Spirilla (singular :Spirillum) 5. Spirochetes. (Singular: Spirochaete). 1. Cocci: These are round or oval bacteria measuring about 0.5-1.0 micrometer in diameter. When they multiplying, cocci may form pairs, chains, or irregular groups.

Spiriullum Spirillum is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria within family Spirillaceae Members of Spirillum are large, elongate, spiral shaped, rigid cells.[5] Some have tufts of flagella at both poles. They are microaerophilic and usually found in stagnant freshwater rich in organic matter