AP World History: Decolonization and other Key Events Post WWII Period 6: 1900 – the Present

Atlantic Charter Aug 14, 1941 The US and Britain agreed to support the restoration of self-government to those nations who had lost it during the war, and declared the right of people to sovereignty.

Independence in South Asia A) Recall Gandhi had lead a passive resistance movement against British colonial rule in India, with the turning point being his Salt March of 1930. “Quit India” demonstrations accelerated after WWII. B) In 1947 the Indian National Congress reluctantly accepted the creation of Pakistan to appease the Muslim League. The region of Kashmir was a principality still ruled by a prince. On Aug 15, 1947, the Indian Independence Bill took effect, ending 200 years of British rule of Mughal India. C) Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic in January 1948 during a prayer vigil to an area of Muslim-Hindu violence. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/india-and-pakistan-win-independence

Gandhi Assassinated January 30, 1948, New Delhi, India

Kashmir Lake (Left), Henna pre-Wedding (Top Right), Rice Harvest (Bottom Right)

Independence in South Asia Continued… D) The argument over which nation would incorporate Kashmir led to the first India-Pakistan War in 1947–48 and ended with UN mediation. Kashmir joined India, but Pakistan has not given up its claim. Today the fighting continues. E) When the Pakistan government declared that `Urdu and only Urdu' would be the national language, the Bangla-speaking Bengalis pushed for self-government. In the 1971 national elections, riots broke out. The Pakistan army used napalm against villages, slaughtered and raped. Bangladeshis refer to Pakistan's brutal tactics as attempted genocide. In 11 days it was all over and Bangladesh, the world's 139th country, officially came into existence. http://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/india-pakistan-war http://www.bangla2000.com/bangladesh/history.shtm

Bangladesh Today A rally in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh 2013 Bangladeshi Village Women, 2008

Japan Post WWII A) Sept 1945, General Douglas MacArthur took charge of the Supreme Command of Allied Powers (SCAP) and began rebuilding Japan. Although Great Britain, USSR, and China were part of an “Allied Council,” MacArthur had the final authority. The Allies punished Japan by convening war crimes trials in Tokyo. They dismantled the Japanese army. In 1947, Allied advisors dictated a new constitution; it downgraded the emperor’s status to that of a figurehead, gave greater rights to women, and renounced the right to wage war. B) The SCAP became concerned that a weak Japanese economy would increase the influence of communism. The final agreement allowed the US to maintain its bases in Okinawa and elsewhere in Japan, and the US promised Japan a bilateral security pact. http://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/japan-reconstruction

Japan Post WWII Continued…. General Douglas MacArthur C) In 1942, FDR signed an executive order forcing many Japanese Americans into internment camps. Fred Korematsu challenged his conviction, and it went to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court decided that the need to protect the country was a greater priority than the individual rights of the Japanese and Japanese Americans. General Douglas MacArthur Fred Korematsu

The Nuremberg Trials A) Held for the purpose of bringing Nazi war criminals to justice, the Nuremberg trials were a series of 13 trials held in Nuremberg, Germany (1945 - 1949. Hitler and two of his top associates, Heinrich Himmler and Joseph Goebbels had each committed suicide in the spring of 1945 before they could be brought to trial. 24 individuals were indicted, along with 6 Nazi organizations (such as the Gestapo secret state police). All but 3 of the defendants were found guilty. 12 were sentenced to death, one in absentia, and the rest were given prison sentences. Hermann Göring (1893-1946), Hitler’s designated successor, committed suicide the night before his execution. B) Nuremberg led directly to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), and the establishment of tribunals for war crimes committed in the former Yugoslavia (1993) and in Rwanda (1994).

Defendants at the Nuremberg Trials

The Road to African Independence A) Recall the Pan African Movement of the early 20th century wanted to unify blacks around the world, gain equal rights, education, and independence. B) The Negritude Movement was born out of the Pan African Movement. “Négritude is a cultural movement launched in 1930s Paris by French-speaking black students from France's colonies in Africa and the Caribbean. These black intellectuals converged around issues of race identity to combat French imperialism…” C) Kwame Nkrumah gained independence for Ghana in 1957, leading the way for other African nations to follow. - Bertrade Ngo-Ngijol Banoum –Lehman College

Celebration of Ghana’s 57th Year of Independence, 2014! Kwame Nkrumah “A State in the grip of neo-colonialism is not master of its own destiny. It is this factor which makes neo-colonialism such a serious threat to world peace.” Celebration of Ghana’s 57th Year of Independence, 2014!

The Road to African Independence Continued… D) In 1948, the National Party (NP) won the all-white elections and passed apartheid laws that legalized racism and segregation in South Africa. In the early 1960s Nelson Mandela (1918 – 2013) and other anti-apartheid leaders were imprisoned on charges of treason. In May 1961, South Africa declared independence from Britain. 1990, President F.W. de Klerk, announced the unbanning of the anti-apartheid groups. Two weeks later, Nelson Mandela was released from prison. In 1991, the last apartheid era laws were abolished. The country's first nonracial elections were held April 1994, resulting in Nelson Mandela becoming the first black President of South Africa on May 10, 1994 (through 1999). http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/south-africa/history Nelson Mandela

South Africans line up at the counter at a government office to get their new passbooks in Johannesburg, South Africa, April 7, 1960.

Ntandoyenkosi Kunene crowned Miss South Africa 2016. South Africa vs. Bangladesh 2016, World Cup Johannesburg, South Africa

The Green Revolution 1930s – 1960s The Green Revolution began when scientists created new, high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, synthetic fertilizers and pesticides that increased harvests. The Green Revolution mostly affected agriculture in the Philippines, Pakistan, Mexico, India, and other developing nations. Poor infrastructure, high transport costs, and limited investment in irrigation reduced the impact of the Green Revolution in Africa. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141004-agriculture-research-borlaug-food-farming-green-revolution/

The Green Revolution Continued… Rachel Carson, a scientist, wrote Silent Spring (1962) in which she warned against the use of pesticides such as DDT. Carson concluded that DDT and other pesticides had harmed birds and animals and had contaminated the entire world food supply. The book's famous chapter, "A Fable for Tomorrow," depicted a nameless American town where all life -- from fish to birds to human children -- had been "silenced" by the effects of DDT. http://www.nrdc.org/health/pesticides/hcarson.asp BUT“…DDT kills mosquitoes, which carry malaria, which was all but eradicated before DDT was banned… The Washington Post concedes that "numerous" deaths might have been prevented by DDT… According to these CDC figures, malaria kills more than 800,000 children under age five every year. Every year, 800,000 small children die from malaria, a disease once nearly eradicated. Ponder that.” http://www.forbes.com/sites/henrymiller/2012/09/05/rachel-carsons-deadly-fantasies/

The World Wildlife Fund: Did It Help or Hurt Africa? “The world’s leading conservation organization, WWF works in 100 countries... WWF’s unique way of working combines global reach with a foundation in science, involves action at every level from local to global, and ensures the delivery of innovative solutions that meet the needs of both people and nature.” www.worldwildlife.org “In Nov. 2011, Prince Charles, who serves as president of WWF UK, visited Tanzania... According to the London newspaper The Telegraph, ‘Shortly before the prince’s arrival, it was revealed that thousands of villagers had been evicted from the forest, their huts torched... This was carried out by the Tanzanian government’s Forestry Division, with which the WWF has been working.’” By Drew Johnson 2012 "If I were reincarnated I would wish to be returned to earth as a killer virus to lower human population levels" - Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh, leader of the World Wildlife Fund, Dec 1995.

1979 Iranian Revolution A) Britain occupied Iran in WWII to protect a supply route to its ally, the Soviet Union, and to prevent the oil from falling into the hands of the Nazis. Britain kept control over Iran's oil after the war through the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. B) In 1951, Iran's Parliament voted to nationalize the oil industry, and legislators backing the law elected its leading advocate, Dr. Mosaddeq, as prime minister. C) Allegedly fearing Iran becoming communist, the American CIA aided Britain and the Shah (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi) in orchestrating a coup; it removed Mosaddeq and strengthened the Shah’s power. http://www.iranchamber.com/history/coup53/coup53p1.php#sthash.NyalbPte.dpuf

1979 Iranian Revolution Continued… D) In 1963, the Shah launched his "White Revolution" that included land reform, infrastructure development, voting rights for women, and education. These programs were applauded by many in Iran, but Islamic leaders were critical of the “westernization” of Iran. E) Ruhollah Khomeini, a Shiite cleric, wanted to overthrow the Shah, rid Iran of “Western” influences, and establish an Islamic state. In 1964, Khomeini was exiled (to Iraq), but gained supporters. Iranian Students, Tehran, 1960s

Imam Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and his Wife Dr. Mosaddeq Imam Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and his Wife F) In 1971 the Shah held an extravagant celebration of the 2,500th anniversary of the pre-Islamic Persian monarchy. Religious discontent grew, and the Shah increased his secret police force. This alienated students and intellectuals in Iran, and support for Khomeini grew.

1979 Iranian Revolution Continued… G) On Sept 8, 1978, the Shah's security force fired on demonstrators, killing hundreds. Khomeini called for the Shah's immediate overthrow. Dec 11 a group of soldiers mutinied and attacked the Shah's security officers; the Shah fled to Mexico. The US Embassy in Iran warned US President Jimmy Carter that if the Shah was allowed to enter the US to treat his cancer, the US Embassy would be taken. Carter allowed the Shah into the US. H) On Nov 4 1978, in Tehran, with the approval of Khomeini, militants stormed the US embassy and took the staff hostage. The militants demanded the return of the Shah to Iran to stand trial for his crimes. The US refused to negotiate, and 52 American hostages were held for 444 days. They were only released after Ronald Reagan was sworn in as US President. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi died in Egypt in July 1980. http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/27/world/ac-six-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-iran-hostage-crisis/

At the time of the hostage crisis, Khomeini referred to the US as “The Great Satan”.

Women in Iran Post Revolution After the Iranian Revolution, Khomeini imposed Sharia law, and “morality police” patrolled the streets enforcing it. Some controversial laws under Sharia in Iran: 1. A married woman cannot leave the country without her husband's permission. 2. A woman's testimony as a witness is worth half that of a man. 3. In all public places, women must wear a hijab (headscarf)). 4. Polygamy is permitted for men (up to four wives allowed), but not for women. Niloufar Ardalan is a female football (soccer) star in Iran, but her husband has at certain times legally stopped her from attending games. She believes Iran laws should be changed. https://sports.vice.com/en_us/article/stadiums-are-still-closed-to-women-in-iran

Iran Iraq War 1980 - 1988 The Iran – Iraq War began on Sept. 22, 1980. Causes: Land disputes: Iraq wanted control of oil rich Khuzestan on the Iraq-Iran border, and Iraqi president Saddam Hussein wanted control of the Shaṭṭ al-ʿArab river. Saddam was concerned over attempts by Iran’s Islamic revolutionary government to incite rebellion among Iraq’s Shiite majority. Effects: Saddam used chemical warfare against Iran and on Iraqui Kurds. The fighting ended in 1988 with a cease-fire, but the withdrawal of troops did not take place until the signing of a formal peace agreement on Aug. 16, 1990. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293527/Iran-Iraq-War

Iran Iraq War 1980 – 1988 Continued…

Iran Iraq War 1980 – 1988 Continued… Kurdish Inhabited Area UN experts confirmed in 1986 that Iraq had contravened the Geneva Convention by using chemical weapons (mustard and nerve gas) against Iran. In 1988 Iraq turned its chemical weapons on Iraqi Kurds in northern Iraq. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/middle_east/02/iraq_events/html/chemical_warfare.stm 25 - 35 million Kurds inhabit a mountainous region straddling the borders of Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran and Armenia. Their main language is Kurdish. They have never obtained a permanent nation state. The majority are Sunni Muslims.

The Iran – Contra Affair 1986 - 1987 A) The Iran-contra affair consisted of 3 interconnected parts: 1. The Reagan administration sold arms to Iran, a country desperate for arms during its war with Iraq. 2. In exchange for the arms, Iran used its influence to help gain the release of Americans held hostage in Lebanon. 3. The arms were purchased at high prices, with the excess profits diverted to fund the Reagan-favored contras fighting the Sandinista government in Nicaragua. B) The Iran-Contra Affair violated American law; arms sales to Iran were prohibited, the U.S. government had long forbidden ransom of any sort for hostages, and it was illegal to fund the contras above the limits set by Congress. C) Several members of the Reagan administration were convicted, but Reagan himself was never charged with any offense. Opinions differed about his knowledge of, and responsibility for the affair. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpsrv/politics/special/clinton/frenzy/iran.htm

The Iran – Contra Affair Continued… Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North of the National Security Council admitted to diverting funds from arms sales to Iran to the Contras, with the full knowledge and approval of US President Reagan and NSC director Poindexter. Poindexter resigned, and North was fired. In Nov 1986, Reagan went on TV and denied that any such operation had occurred. He retracted the statement a week later, insisting that the sale of weapons had not been an arms-for-hostages deal.

The Iran – Contra Affair Continued… Battling the Cuban-backed Sandinistas, the Contras were, according to Reagan, "the moral equivalent of our Founding Fathers." Eugene H. Hasenfus is a US citizen who was alleged by Nicaragua Sandinista authorities to be employed by the U.S. CIA. The photo (top right) shows Sandinista soldiers holding Eugene Hasenfus captive after his cargo plane was shot down while delivering supplies to the Contras in October 1986. http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/20/us/north-says-reagan-knew-of-iran-deal.html?pagewanted=all

Use historical evidence to support your answers!! HW Questions Fill in your period 6 Chart for the Chinese Civil War (Part 2), and the Iran – Iraq War. Describe the process of “Decolonization” in South Asia OR Africa. How did the Green Revolution and Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring affect developing nations? In your opinion, was it for the better or the worse and why? Were the US’s actions in Iran justified? Use historical evidence to support your answers!!

Key Vocabulary 1979 Iranian Revolution Apartheid Atlantic Charter Bangladesh Ghana Green Revolution Imam Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini India – Pakistan War Iran – Iraq War Iran-Contra Affair Iranian Hostage Crisis Kashmir Korematsu Kwame Nkrumah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Negritude Movement Nelson Mandela Nuremburg Trials Pakistan Pan African Movement Rachel Carson Sandinistas Silent Spring South Africa World Wildlife Fund (WWF)