Early Computers Workshop 1 Colossus, the British codebreaker computer of WWII, developed by Alan Turing & Tommy Flowers

Outline Mechanical Computers Conceptual Computers Electronic Computers Astronomical clocks Calculating machines Logic machines Conceptual Computers Turing machine Electronic Computers Eniac IBM First PCs

The Antikythera Mechanism – A Greek Computer? Freeth, Tony; Jones, Alexander (2012). "The Cosmos in the Antikythera Mechanism". NOVA | Ancient Computer – PBS The Antikythera mechanism in the national Archeological Museum of Athens The Antikythera Mechanism (8 mins /\)

Pascal’s Pascaline Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline, a mechanical calculator to aid his father tabulate tax collections It could add and subtract A Pascaline from 1652 (© Musée des Arts et Métiers, Paris)

Leibniz’s Calculus Ratiocinator Reasoning is nothing but the joining and substitution of characters, whether these characters be words, symbols or pictures Atomic (elementary) concepts can be represented by prime numbers The truth value of statements can be calculated arithmetically The calculation could be automated using a computer The Stepped Reckoner of Gottfried Leibniz Gottfried Wilhem Leibniz (4 mins /\) Leibniz sketch of a stepped-drum computer ~1685

Leibniz Calculating Machine Paderborn Computer Museum Exhibits and background of computer pioneers Replica of the Leibniz calculating machine manufactured by HNF, 1995, according to the reconstruction by Prof. Dr. N. J. Lehmann

Pictures: From loom to computers Jacquard Loom 1725 Basile Bouchon used a series of punched cards threaded together to give a sequence of weaving patterns. 1801 Joseph Marie Jacquard’s loom. The basic idea was the holes indicated where the needle should press through. Fiber artist Lia Cook talks about her Jacquard loom (2 mins /\)

Charles Babbage’s analytical engine Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University (Newton & Hawkings) 1822 difference engine, for mathematical tables conceived the analytical engine, a mechanical computer programmed by punch cards Charles Babbage Analytical Engine (8 mins /\) The greatest machine that never was - John Graham-Cumming (12 mins /\)

Ada Lovelace 1815 - 52 The child of love, -- though born in bitterness And nurtured in convulsion. Of thy sire These were the elements Lord Byron - Childe Harold's Portrait of Ada by British painter Margaret Sarah Carpenter (1836) Ada met Babbage in 1833 Her notes on the analytical engine may be considered the first computer programs She envisioned computers with applications beyond calculating mathematical functions Information Pioneers: Ada Lovelace (5 mins /\)

Turing Machine Conceptual computer devised by Turing to prove limitations of computers and mathematics too Though simple it has the theoretical power of any computer Turing Machines video (4 mins /\) Turing Machines Explained by Professor Mark Jago(5 mins /\) Proof That Computers Can't Do Everything (The Halting Problem) (8 mins /\)

Princeton IAS – Von Neumann & ENIAC Von Neumann was a Hungarian mathematician, physicist and inventor 1933 joined Princeton’s Institute of Advanced Studies Worked with Einstein and Oswald Veblen, and later on Kurt Gödel In WW2 Von Neumann joined the Manhattan project to develop the atomic bomb John Von Neumann Documentary (1 hour tribute) (14 mins /\) John Von Neumann Interview (2 mins /\)

Von Neumann architecture First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC by John von Neumann, Contract No. W-670-ORD-4926, Between the United States Army Ordinance Department and the University of Pennsylvania Moore School of Electrical Engineering University of Pennsylvania June 30, 1945 EDVAC text Stored program - Memory held instructions as well as data Turing’s earlier universal machine stored the program (state transitions) on the tape … it is now possible to take up the five specific parts into which the device was seen to be subdivided, and to discuss them one by one. Such a discussion must bring out the features required for each one of these parts in itself, as well as in their relations to each other.

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) 1943 U.S. Army, Ordnance Corps contracted Moore School at Univ. of Penn. to build a computer John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert led the design 1946 ENIAC delivered Used to predict behavior of the hydrogen bomb (Von Neumann) Left to Right: Unknown, J. Presper Eckert, Dr. John Mauchly, Jean Jennings Bartik, Lt. Herman Goldstine, Ruth Lichterman Teitelbaum 1946 ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computing (1 min /\)

UNIVAC Evolved from ENIAC UNIVAC - Then and Now 1960 (13 mins /\) 1952 ELECTION with UNIVAC on CBS w Walter Cronkite (2 mins /\) WEIZAC: Israel's first computer (6 mins /\)

IBM IBM led in punch card technology IBM: Once Upon A Punched Card (1964 9 mins /\) IBM 1401 Business computer 1959 A Century of Smart: The IBM 1401 50th anniversary tribute (5 mins /\) IBM 1620 - Scientific computer 1959